pediatrics: nutr assessment Flashcards
what are the 2 categories of malnutrition in terms of its etiology
non-illness related: behavioral, socioeconomic or environmental
illness related
acute vs chronic illness related malnutrition: duration
acute: <3 months
chronic (more common): >= 3 months
challenges of providing adequate nutrition to babies
Metabolic need for rapid growth: much higher than adult needs
Low nutritional reserves; adults have large reserves
Macro and micronutrient needs mirrors growth phase
components of energy needs and their kcal/kg/d
BMR: 40-62 kcal/kg/d
Activity (don’t move much-> small proportion): 2-4 kcal/kg/d
Growth (biggest proportion -> malnutrition = stunting): 45-67 kcal/kg/d
Total: 90-130 (rarely 144) kcal/kg/d
what are the possible findings of organs system review component pf nutritional assessment
Anorexia, dysphagia, stooling pattern and consistencies, vomiting, GERD, recurrent fevers, dysuria, urinary frequency, activity level
if the child is at third percentile for weight or height, can we conclude that it is malnourished?
it doesn’t necessarily mean that the child is malnourished but only that it is small
premature vs term babies: who have reflux more often
preterm
what are the complications of cardiac babies?
cardiac babies often have problems with feeding while also breathing-> breathing more-> higher caloric needs
solutions for calorie based problem vs absorption-based problem
calorie-based problems: increase volume or kcal/ml
absorption problems: adjust formula e.g change the type
what are the common definitions of failure to thrive?
- weight for age that falls below the 5th percentile on multiple occasions
or - weight deceleration that crosses two major percentile lines on a growth chart,
categories of failure to thrive
- inadequate caloric intake
- inadequate nutrient absorption
- increased metabolism
causes of inadequate caloric intake that leads to failure to thrive
Gastro-oesophageal reflux inadequate breastmilk supply or ineffective latching incorrect formula preparation mechanical feeding difficulties poor feeding habits poor oral neuromotor coordination
causes of increased metabolism that leads to failure to thrive
Chronic infection chronic lung disease congenital heart disease hyperthyroidism inflammatory conditions malignancy rental failure
percentiles to assess underweight and severely underweight in birth-2 years and the indicator
weight for age chart
underweight: <3rd %ile
severely underweight: <0.1st
percentiles to assess stunted and severely stunted in birt-2 years and the indicator
length for age chart
stunted: <3rd %ile
severely underwstuntedeight: <0.1st
percentiles to assess wasted and severely wasted in birt-2 years and the indicator
weight for length
wasted: <3rd or <89th IBW
severely wasted: <0.1st
percentiles to assess stunted and severely stunted in 2-19 years and the indicator
height for age chart
stunted: <3rd %ile
severely underwstuntedeight: <0.1st
percentiles to assess underweight and severely underweight in 2-19 years and the indicator
weight for age chart
underweight: <3rd %ile
severely underweight: <0.1st
percentiles to assess wasted and severely wasted in 2-19 years and the indicator
BMI for length
wasted: <3rd or <89th IBW
severely wasted: <0.1st
when can primary indicators of neonatal malnutrition be used (time from birth)
after 2 weeks until 2 yo
cannot be used for first 2 weeks of life as this is when wl happens
primary indicators requiring 1 indicator to diagnose neonatal malnutrition
mild:
Decline in weight-for-age z score: Decline of 0.8-1.2 SD
Weight gain velocity: <75% of expected rate of weight gain to maintain growth rate
Nutrient intake ≥3-5 consecutive days of
protein/energy intake; ≤75% of estimated needs
Moderate:
Decline in weight-for-age z score: Decline of >1.2-2 SD
Weight gain velocity: <50% of expected rate of weight gain to maintain growth rate
≥5-7 consecutive days of protein/energy intake
≤75% of estimated needs
Severe:
Decline in weight-for-age z score: Decline of >2 SD
Weight gain velocity: <25% of expected rate of weight gain to maintain growth rate
≥7 consecutive days of protein/energy intake
≤75% of estimated needs
primary indicators requiring 1 indicator to diagnose neonatal malnutrition
Mild:
Days to regain birthweight: 15-18
Linear growth velocity <75% of expected rate
Decline in length-for-age z score: Decline of 0.8-1.2 SD
Moderate
Days to regain birthweight: 19-21
Linear growth velocity <50% of expected rate
Decline in length-for-age z score: Decline of >1.2-2 SD
Severe
Days to regain birthweight: >21 Use in conjunction with nutrient intake
Linear growth velocity <25% of expected rate
Decline in length-for-age z score: Decline of >2 SD N
preterm vs late preterm vs term in terms of weeks
Preterm <34-0/7
Late Preterm 34-0/7 to 36-6/7
Term ≥37-0/7
Acute versus chronic undernutrition
Acute undernutrition:
Severe and sudden onset
Weight is primarily affected
Very low wt/ht (