Pediatrics, Milestones, Assessments Flashcards
Apgar Score
A standardized assessment tool to assess newborn condition and response to resuscitation immediately following birth.
Activity (muscle tone), Pulse (> 100 beats), Grimace (reflex), Appearance (skin color), Respiration (strong cry)
Scores calculated at 1 and 5 minutes. Normal score is 7-10, moderately abnormal is 4-6, and low is 0-3.
Palmer Grasp
Strong grasping relfex that is present at birth and disappears by 3 months.
Mottling
Purplish marbling of the skin. Common in newborns.
Mongolian spots (slate grey nevus)
Common in dark-skinned newborns. They are bluish-gray spots seen on the back, buttock, shoulder, and legs.
Moro Reflex
The Startle Reflex! Present at birth. Weakens around 3-4 months, disappears by 6 months.
Milia
Small, white papules on newborns face. Common in the first few months of life.
Cafe Au Lait
Coffee-colored patches on a newborn. May be harmless or suggestive of underlying disease such as neurofibromatosis.
Stepping Reflex
Newborn reflex that is present between birth and 8 weeks. Age of disappearance before walking.
Torticollis
Asymmetric neck or head position due to contracted neck muscles. Can be a result of birth trauma or intrauterine position of the body.
Hemangioma
Bright, red, rubbery birthmark caused by blood vessels in the skin. Generally grows the first year of life, then recedes.
Barlow-Ortolani Maneuver
Assess hip location in newborns through adduction and abduction of the hip.
Acrocyanosis
Bluish color to hands and feet. Common in newborns.
Asymmetric tonic neck
When babies head is turned to one side, an extension of the arm and leg on the side the head was turned, and flexion of the opposite side should be observed. Present at birth with diminishing at 3-4 months. Disappears by 6 months.
Cephalhematoma
Bleeding under the scalp. Does not cross suture lines. Can occur in infants due to birthing trauma.
Craniosynostosis
Premature fusion of skull sutures in an infant. Can cause plagiocephaly (distortion in infant’s skull).
Caput Succedaneum
Infant scalp edema due to compression in the birth canal
Plagiocephaly
skull asymmetry
Babinski Reflex
Normal reflex in newborns. Can be observed by firmly stroking the sole of the foot. The great toe will turn upward and the other toes will fan outward. Disappears prior to walking.
Sits up unassisted
6 months
Say mama/dada with meaning
12 months
Stands
12 months
Walks
12 to 17 months
Holds a spoon
15-18 months
Copies circle, throws ball, rides tricycle
3 years old
Draws cross
4 years old
Ride actual bike
5 to 6 years old
Separation anxiety goes away
9 months
Palmar grasp goes away
5-6 months
anterior fontanelle closure
12-18 months
posterior fontanelle closure
2-3 months
Strabismus clears up and what is it?
4-6 months
Periods where the eyes temporarily point inwards towards the nose, left eye appears to remain deviate towards the child’s nose (esotropic) or outward (exotropic) eye deviation. If it does not resolve by six months refer
bull leggedness goes away
2-3 years
born prematurely when do they catch up?
age 2
birthweight doubles
6 months
birthweight triples
12 months
Start MMR and varicella vaccines
12 months - live vaccines
give DTap
less than 7 yo
give Tdap
older than 7 yo
bilirubin level need phototherapy
> 15
Tanner stage 2 girl
breast budding
Tanner stage 2 boy
Beginning enlargement of scrotum and testes; change in texture and reddening of scrotal skin
Tanner stage 3 girl
Both breasts are in 1 mound
Tanner stage 3 boy
Growth spurt where the penis grows the most in length
Tanner stage 4 girl
Both breasts are in 2 mounds/start of period
Tanner stage 4 boy
Further growth of penis in length and breadth; further darkening of scrotal skin
Avg age for menses
15 yo, also indicates adult height
