Pediatrics Growth and Development

Question 1

Trust Vs Mistrust

Answer 1

Infancy
0-12 Months
-infants learn whether they can trust or mistrust the world around them based on the care and attention they receive from their caregivers.
(Separation anxiety and Regression)

Question 2

Infant Physical Growth: Key Milestones

Answer 2

Weight
At 6 months: Birth weight is doubled
At 12 months: Birth weight is tripled

Length
At 6 months, length is rapid
By 12 months, length has increased by 50%

Question 3

Foontanels

Answer 3

Suture line, Molding
Posterior Fontanel close in 6 weeks (2-3 months)
Anterior Fontanel close by 18 months (2 years)

Question 4

Social & Emotional Milestones: 2 months

Answer 4

Begins to smile in response to people and objects around them
Enjoys interacting with caregivers and may start to coo and make other happy sounds
Shows interest in faces and may track people and objects with their eyes
May start to develop a social smile, where they smile in response to someone’s smile or voice

Question 5

Language & Communication Milestones: 2 months

Answer 5

Begins to make cooing and gurgling sounds
Starts to turn their head towards sounds and voices
May respond to their name being called

Question 6

Cognitive milestones: 2 months

Answer 6

Begins to pay attention to people, objects, and surroundings
Shows an interest in visual stimuli, such as faces and toys
May start to grasp and hold objects briefly
Begins to develop hand-eye coordination

Question 7

Movement/Physical Development Milestones: 2 months

Answer 7

Lifts their head briefly when lying on their stomach
May start to push up with their arms when lying on their stomach
Starts to kick and move their legs when lying on their back
May start to make smoother, more controlled movements with their arms and legs

Question 8

Cognitive milestones: 3 months

Answer 8

Starts to show more interest in toys and other objects
Begins to explore objects with their mouth
Shows more awareness of surroundings and may turn their head towards new sounds or sights
Begins to develop an understanding of cause and effect, such as realizing that shaking a rattle produces a sound

Question 9

Movement/Physical Development Milestones: 3 months

Answer 9

Begins to hold their head up steady when supported in a sitting position
May start to roll over from their tummy to their back or vice versa
Starts to kick and move their legs more deliberately
May begin to reach for and grasp objects intentionally

Question 10

Social & Emotional Milestones: 3 months

Answer 10

Begins to develop a social smile, where they smile in response to someone’s smile or voice
Enjoys social interaction with caregivers and may start to coo and babble in response
Shows more interest in faces and may reach for people they recognize
Starts to imitate some facial expressions and movements

Question 11

Language & Communication Milestones: 3 months

Answer 11

Begins to make more complex cooing and babbling sounds
Starts to make sounds to get attention and express pleasure or displeasure
May begin to respond to simple words and phrases, such as “hello” or “how are you?”

Question 12

Social & Emotional Milestones: 4 months

Answer 12

Becomes more social and interactive with people and surroundings
Starts to show more interest in playing with toys and people
Begins to show a wider range of emotions, including excitement and frustration
May start to recognize familiar faces and people

Question 13

Language & Communication Milestones: 4 months

Answer 13

Begins to make more sounds and syllables, such as “ba-ba” or “ma-ma”
May start to use their voice to express emotions, such as laughing or crying
Starts to babble in a way that sounds like real speech, such as saying “da-da” or “ga-ga”

Question 14

Cognitive Milestones: 4 months

Answer 14

Starts to show more curiosity about their surroundings
Begins to explore objects with their hands and mouth
Shows more interest in cause-and-effect relationships, such as dropping a toy to see what happens
Starts to recognize familiar objects and people

Question 15

Movement/Physical Development Milestones: 4 months

Answer 15

Begins to roll over from tummy to back and back to tummy
May start to sit with support and hold their head steady
Starts to reach for and grab objects with both hands
Begins to show more control over their movements, such as grasping and releasing objects deliberately

Question 16

Physical changes/developments: 6 months

Answer 16

Birth weight doubles
Length increasing, still measure head circumference
Fine Motor: Releases objects I hand to take another

Gross Motor: Sits in Tripod Position; Rolling over in both directions

Cognitive Ability/Language: Babbling, imitating sounds, belly laugh/giggle
Examines objects, play mobiles, their toes

Question 17

Physical changes/developments: 9 months

Answer 17

Physical Growth: Weight and length, gaining at a slower pace and growing
slow and steady
Fine Motor: Bangs objects together, crude pincer (3 fingers), waved ‘bye-bye’; holds an object in each hand; claps hands
Gross Motor: Crawls, abdomen off of the floor, sits up unassisted, may
start to pull self up and may start walking.
Cognitive Ability/Language: ‘Ma-ma’, ‘Da-da’, combines consonants and
vowels, object permanence, separation anxiety

Question 18

Attachment and Separation Anxiety: infant

Answer 18

This refers to an infant’s emotional bond with their caregiver and how they respond when separated from them. Infants who experience consistent and responsive caregiving tend to develop a secure attachment style, whereas infants who experience inconsistent or neglectful caregiving may develop an insecure attachment style. Assessing separation anxiety and attachment behaviors can help identify potential disruptions in this important bond.

Question 19

Self-regulation-infant

Answer 19

This refers to an infant’s ability to manage their emotions and behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Infants who experience high levels of stress or trauma may struggle with self-regulation, which can manifest as difficulty sleeping, eating, or transitioning between activities. Assessing an infant’s self-regulation skills can help identify potential areas for intervention and support.

Question 20

Social Communication- infant

Answer 20

This refers to an infant’s ability to communicate and interact with others. Infants who experience positive social interactions with caregivers and peers tend to develop stronger social communication skills, whereas those who experience isolation or neglect may struggle in this area. Assessing an infant’s social communication skills can help identify potential areas for support and intervention.

Question 21

Play and exploration- infant

Answer 21

This refers to an infant’s engagement with their environment and their ability to explore and learn through play. Infants who have access to safe and stimulating environments tend to be more curious and engaged in play, whereas those who experience deprivation or neglect may struggle in this area. Assessing an infant’s play and exploration skills can help identify potential areas for support and intervention.

Question 22

Social/physical and developmental milestones: 12 months

Answer 22

Physical Growth: Birth weight is tripled! Length is 50% greater than at birth
Anterior Fontanel closes 12-18 months, some texts say
18-21 months…by 2 should be closed!
Fine Motor: Feeds self with cup or spoon, 2 finger pincer, builds 2-3 block
tower, stacks rings on a pole, puts objects into a container, drinks
cup without a lid, with assistance
Gross Motor: Sits from standing position, walks holding on to furniture
Delayed if not walking by 18 months!
Cognitive Ability/ Language: Waves “bye-bye”; calls a parent “mama” or “dada” may
understand “no”

Question 23

Types of common injuries:

Answer 23

Aspiration of foreign objects
Bodily harm
Burns
Drowning
Falls
Poisoning
Motor-vehicle Injuries
Suffocation

Question 24

Toddlers: 15 months

Answer 24

Social & Emotional Milestones
Shows you affection (hugs, cuddles, or kisses you)
Language & Communication Milestones
Tries to say one or two words besides “mama” or “dada” like “ba” or “da” for dog
Looks at familiar objects when you name it

Cognitive Milestones:
Tries to use things the right way, like a phone, cup, or book
Stacks at least two small objects, like blocks

Movement/Physical Developmental Milestones
Takes a few steps on their own

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Question 25

Toddler: 18 months

Answer 25

Social & Emotional Milestones:
An 18-month-old may assert their independence by wanting to do things on their own, such as trying to put on their shoes or feed themselves. If they are not successful in their attempts, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt about their abilities.
At this age, children may also begin to experience separation anxiety and become clingy with their parents or caregivers. If they are not allowed to explore and socialize with other children, they may also experience feelings of shame or doubt about their ability to interact with others.
Language & Communication Milestones:
An 18-month-old may try to communicate through words and gestures, but may become frustrated if they are not understood. If they are scolded or criticized for not being able to communicate effectively, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt.
On the other hand, if they are encouraged and praised for their attempts to communicate, they may develop more confidence and self-esteem.
Cognitive Milestones:
At this age, children are beginning to explore and learn about their environment. They may experiment with cause and effect, such as dropping objects or pushing buttons to see what happens.
If they are not allowed to explore or are scolded for their curiosity, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt about their ability to learn and explore.

Movement/Physical Development Milestones:
An 18-month-old may be learning to walk or run, and may experience falls or bumps along the way. If they are scolded or punished for their physical mistakes, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt about their physical abilities.
On the other hand, if they are encouraged and praised for their attempts to move and explore, they may develop more confidence in their physical abilities.
Overall, it is important for parents and caregivers to provide a safe and supportive environment for an 18-month-old to explore, learn, and develop their sense of autonomy. Encouraging and praising their attempts at independence, while also providing appropriate limits and boundaries, can help to foster a sense of confidence and self-esteem, and reduce feelings of shame or doubt.

Question 26

Toddler; 2 years

Answer 26

Social & Emotional Milestones:
A 24-month-old may continue to assert their independence and may become more vocal about their preferences and desires. If their requests are denied or if they are not able to do something on their own, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt.
At this age, children may also begin to develop more complex emotions such as jealousy or frustration. If they are not provided with appropriate ways to express and cope with these emotions, they may experience shame or doubt about their ability to regulate their emotions.
Language & Communication Milestones:
A 24-month-old may continue to develop their vocabulary and communication skills, but may become frustrated if they are not understood or if they cannot express themselves effectively. If they are scolded or criticized for their language skills, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt.
On the other hand, if they are provided with opportunities to practice and improve their language skills, and if their attempts are praised and encouraged, they may develop more confidence and self-esteem.
Cognitive Milestones:
At this age, children are becoming more curious about the world around them and may ask a lot of questions. If their questions are dismissed or ignored, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt about their intelligence and ability to learn.
On the other hand, if their questions are answered and they are provided with opportunities to explore and learn, they may develop more confidence and curiosity about the world.
Movement/Physical Development Milestones:
A 24-month-old may continue to develop their physical abilities, such as running, jumping, and climbing. If they are not allowed to explore and take risks, they may experience feelings of shame or doubt about their physical abilities.
On the other hand, if they are allowed to explore and take risks in a safe and supportive environment, they may develop more confidence in their physical abilities.