Pediatrics Flashcards
_______________ presents with upper respiratory symptoms (eg, rhinorrhea, congestion, cough) and facial pain/pressure, with or without fever.
Acute rhinosinusitis
__________ is a congenital obstruction of the posterior nasopharynx
choanal atresia
CHARGE syndrome
Coloboma Heart defects Atresia choanae Growth retardation Genital abnormalities Ear abnormalities
___________is the most common gastroenteritis in the United States and is often implicated in outbreaks on cruise ships and in schools.
Norovirus
_________ is the most common cause of death from child abuse
Abusive head trauma
Repetitive acceleration-deceleration forces cause shearing of the subdural bridging veins and vitreoretinal traction resulting in ______ and ______ hemorrhages
Subdural and retinal hemorrhages
__________ causes an absent uterus, cervix and upper third of the vagina (ie blind vaginal pouch)
Mullerian agenesis
Pt( 46XX) have primary amenorrhea with associated female external genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics. Diagnosis?
Mullerian agenesis
unilateral cryptorchidism can be monitored until age ______ after which spontaneous descent is unlikely
6 months
WAGR syndrome/11p deletion syndrome is characterized by a predisposition to ________, ________, _______ and __________
Wilms tumor
Presence of aniridia
Genitourinary abnormalities eg, cryptorchidism, hypospadias
Intellectual disability
Non tender, non fluctuant scalp swelling of a newborn that does not cross suture lines
Management ?
Reassurance and observation
Cephalohematoma
Low-grade fever, maculopapular rash with cephalocaudal spreads and posterior auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy +/- arthralgias and/or arthritis
Rubella
Recurrent episodes of edema (eg, face, limbs, genitalia, bowel, larynx) without associated pruritus or urticaria
Diagnosis? Deficiency?
Hereditary angioedema
C1 inhibitor
Benign intraventricular mass that causes increased production of CSF, leading to ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus
Diagnosis?
Choroid plexus papilloma
Abnormal social development and extreme behavioral rigidity with onset in early development
Diagnosis?
Autism spectrum disorder
Constipation is a common problem in toddlers due to transition to solid food and cow’s milk, toilet training and school entry. Management?
Dietary modification (increase dietary fiber and water intake)
Laxative therapy
+/- suppositories, edema
Most common heart defect in Down syndrome?
Complete atrioventricular septal defects
Bone pain and pancytopenia in a child are concerning for ________
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Hyperthermia (=40C [104F]) associated with weakness, dizziness, profuse sweating, headache, and/or nausea.
Diagnosis?
Heat exhaustion
4 years with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a normal or elevated white blood cell count in the presence of blasts on peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy
Diagnosis?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Myelomeningocele is often associated with __ and ____
Obstructive hydrocephalus
A limp that is worse in the morning in a toddler girl (age<5) is a typical presentation of _______
Oligoarticular JIA
____ should be suspected in children with acute onset fever, joint pain and swelling
Septic arthritis
Bilious emesis and abdominal distension in a preterm neonate are highly suggestive of _______________
Necrotizing enterocolitis
2-8 weeks infants presents with hepatomegaly, jaundice, acholic stool, dark urine
Cause?
Biliary atresia (fibrosis of extrahepatic duct
2-8 weeks infants presents with hepatomegaly, jaundice, acholic stool, dark urine
Diagnostic test?
Cholangiography
2-8 weeks infants presents with hepatomegaly, jaundice, acholic stool, dark urine
Treatment?
Hepatoportoenterostomy with or without liver transplant
What hormone causes the potentially fatal complication in nutritional rehabilitation in a patient with anorexia nervosa?
Insulin
What electrolytes are often affected in refeeding Syndrome?
Potassium, phosphorus, magnesium
Mammillary glands enlargement, leukorrhea, mild uterine bleeding in a newborn
Cause?
Physiological response to transplacental maternal estrogen exposure
Isolated hyperpigmented patch with an increased density of hair follicle
Most likely diagnosis?
Congenital melanocytic nevus
First line treatment of acute otitis media with perforation of tympani membrane
Amoxicillin
Management of a patient who has received amoxicillin therapy within 30 days and has acute otitis media with perforation of tympanic membrane
amoxicillin-clavulanate
Suspect ________________ in a 2 or 3-year-old child with impaired adaptation to darkness, photophobia, dry scaly skin, xerosis conjunctiva, xerosis cornea, keratomalacia, Bitot spots and follicular hyperkeratosis of the shoulders, buttocks, and extensor surfaces.
Vitamin A deficiency
Most common Renal malignancy in children that presents as asymptomatic unilateral abdominal mass
Wilms tumor
3 most common Cardiovascular abnormalities seen in patients with Turner syndrome
Bicuspid aortic valve
Coarction of the aorta
Aortic root dilation
3-4 months old; Doll-like face, thin extremities, short stature, and a protuberant abdomen with hypoglycemia, Latin acidosis, hyperuricemia and hyperlipidemia
Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
Pathognomonic facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome
Small palpebral fissures
Smooth philtrum
Thin vermillion border
Glaucoma in infants typically presents with
Tearing, photophobia, blepharospam and an enlarged cornea and globe
Children with chronic cough and Chest X-ray findings of hilar lymphadenopathy, consolidation, pleural effusion
Suspect?
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Celiac disease results in small intestinal malabsorption and can present with _________ and _______
weight loss and iron deficiency anemia.
What are the two most common causes of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease
Salmonella and staphylococcus aureus
What is the treatment of choice for minimal change disease in children
Steroids
Most common cause of sepsis in patients with sickle cell disease?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What prophylaxis should a patient with sickle cell disease be on till 5years
Penicillin prophylaxis
pruritic, scaly, erythematous plaques with a raised border and central clearing.
Tinea corporis
1st line Management of tinea corporis
Topical antibiotics - clotrimazole and terbinafine
fever, otalgia, and mastoid process inflammation with displacement of the auricle in a child < /=2 years suspect?
Acute mastoiditis
_____________ is a common cause of heel pain in children who play running or jumping sports. Tenderness at the base of the heel and with calcaneal compression are diagnostic findings.
Calcaneal apophysitis
Wide anterior fontanelle, cleft lip and palate, and distal phalanges hypoplasia after in utero exposure to antiepileptic
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Cardiac sequelae of Kawasaki disease includes ____ and ______
Coronary artery aneurysm and ventricular dysfunction
The most common cause of heavy regular menstrual bleeding is
Von willebrand disease
Important risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome
Prematurity and maternal diabetes mellitus
Treatment of bullous impetigo is
Oral antibiotics
Small, pruritic and erythematous papules often seen arranged in a linear pattern on exposed areas with each having a central hemorrhagic punctum
Bedbug bites
Infants presents with fever, pain with hip movement and leukocytosis likely has __________
Septic arthritis
How does the infant position the hip in septic arthritis
Hip is flexed, abducted and externally rotated.
When should children transition from rear-facing car seat to forward facing car seat
When they surpass the maximum height or weight limit set by the manufacturers
Treatment for minimal change disease
Highly responsive to corticosteroids
Transient focal weakness or paralysis that occurs in the postictal phase after focal-onset (+/- secondary generalized ) seizure
Todd paralysis
Todd paralysis usually resolves within _________
36 hours
All preterm neonates born at < 32 weeks gestation should be screened by ___________ for ________
Cranial ultrasound
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Target sign on abdominal ultrasound
Intussusception
Treatment of intussusception
Air or water enema
_______ should be suspected in a returning travelers presenting with bloody diarrhea especially if greater than two weeks
Entamoeba histolytica infection
Marfanoid body habitus + intellectual disability, downward dislocation of lens, hypercoagulability
Homocystinuria
an autosomal dominant condition caused by a mutation of a tumor suppressor gene, leads to various neoplasms, including CNS and retinal hemangioblastomas, pheochromocytomas, and renal cell carcinomas.
Von Hippel-Lindau disease
How does HIV infection in infancy present
Failure to thrive,
chronic diarrhea
Lymphadenopathy
Opportunistic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia, severe thrush
Bilateral lower extremities pains that occurs at night in children age 2-12 years
Growing pains
Treatment of growing pains
Observation
Parental reassurance
Massage
Over the counter pain medication
What should be suspected in an infant with infantile spasm and has leaf spots?
Tuberous sclerosis complex
Tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis complex
Subependymal giant cell tumor
Cardiac rhabdomyomas
Renal angiomyolipomas
Retinal hermatomas
Complications seen in small for gestational age infants
Hypocalcemia, polycythemia,hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypothermia
a capillary malformation (port-wine stain) along the trigeminal nerve distribution and leptomeningeal capillary-venous malformations affecting the brain and eye.
Sturge -Weber Syndrome
Most common cancer in children and presents with signs of bone marrow failure
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Presence of >25% lymphoblast in the bone marrow is confirmatory for
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Complication of recurrent hemarthroses
Hemophilic arthropathy
Associated with hemosiderin deposition leading to synovitis and fibrosis within the joint.
Effect of coarctation of aorta in a neonate especially after closure of ductus arteriosus
Increased left ventricular afterload leading to neonatal cardiogenic heart failure
