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Neuro > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the s/sx of a tension HA?

A

Bilateral, forehead, neck, squeezing pain

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2
Q

What is the tx for tension HA?

A

NSAIDs, MSK relaxers

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3
Q

What are the s/sxs of a migraine HA?

A 
P: pulsatile
O: hOurs (duration 4-72 hrs)
U: Unilateral
N: Nauseating
D: Disability
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4
Q

What are the s/sx of a cluster HA?

A

Severe unilateral, periorbital, lacrimation, nasal congestion.

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5
Q

What is the tx for a cluster HA?

A

100% oxygen

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6
Q

What are the clinical presentations for secondary HAs (SNOOP4)

A 
S: systemic signs and disorder
N: neurological sxs
O: onset that is sudden
O: older than 40
P: progressively worsening
P: postural
P: precipitated by Valsalva maneuver or exertion 
P: previous headache w/ new features
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7
Q

What is the clinical presentation of CNS tumors?

A

Gradual onset, accompanied by focal neuro deficit

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8
Q

What is the MC and worst case CNS tumor?

A

MC: glioma

Worst case: glioblastoma multiforme

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9
Q

What is the definition of a seizure?

A

Sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain

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10
Q

What is the temp of a febrile seizure?

A

Convulsion associated w/ elevated temp >38 C or 103.0 F

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11
Q

What is the MC neuro disorder in infants and young children?

A

Febrile seizures

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12
Q

What age do febrile seizures occur?

A

6 mos - 5 yrs

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13
Q

What is a simple febrile seizure vs a complex febrile seizure?

A
  • Simple: less than 15 minutes, no reoccurrence w/ in 24 hrs

- Complex: longer than 15 minutes, repetitive, may increase risk of epilepsy

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14
Q

Febrile seizures are thought to be associated with what?

A

Electrolyte abnormalities esp. low sodium

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15
Q

What is the tx for febrile seizures?

A

Lower temp and rectal diazepam if > 5 min

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16
Q

What is an absence seizure and what is the 1st line tx?

A

Blank stare into space

Tx: ethosuximide

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17
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure affects what part of the brain?

A

Both cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

What are s/sxs of a simple focal seizure?

A

No alteration in consciousness, may have motor or sensory sxs

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19
Q

What are s/sxs of a complex focal seizure?

A

Altered level of consciousness, lip smacking

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20
Q

The onset of breath-holding spells occurs at what age and is associated with what?

A
  • infants to - 6 yoa

- associated with genetics and iron deficiency anemia, or autonomic dysfunction

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21
Q

Are breath-holding spells autosomal recessive or dominant?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
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22
Q

Who is mostly affected by vasovagal syncope?

A

Young and healthy pts

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23
Q

How long does a vasovagal syncope last and when does it typically occur?

A
  • 1-2 minutes

- occurs w/ sitting or standing

24
Q

What is a vasovagal syncope caused by?

A

Caused by neural reflex = hypotension d/t bradycardia or peripheral vasodilation

25
Q

What is a classic/typical case of vasovagal syncope?

A

D/t emotion, orthostatic, pain, fear, heat, physical activity

26
Q

What is an atypical case of vasovagal syncope?

A

Older pts, and recurrent

27
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

Acute monophasic ascending paralysis

28
Q

What is the etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A
  • MC’ly provoked by an illness

- Campylobacter jejuni enteritis

29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A
  • Ascending paralysis
  • Progressive weakness
  • Worsening respiratory status
  • Bulbar weakness= cranial nerves, dysphagia, slurred speech, difficulty handling secretions, dysphonia
30
Q

What is the tx for Guillain-Barré syndrome?

A

IVIG and plasma exchange

31
Q

What is the etiology of Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?

A

An autoimmune disorder, antibody-mediated. Break down of acetylcholine.

32
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?

A
  • Ocular manifestation or weakness in the ocular (ptosis), bulbar, limb or respiratory muscles
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
33
Q

What are the dx test for Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?

A
  • ice pack test

- CT or MRI of chest to R/O thymoma

34
Q

What is the tx for Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors for several wks: Neostigmine

35
Q

What is the etiology of infant botulism?

A

Eating food contaminated w/ clostridium botulinum (ie honey)

36
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of infant botulism?

A
  • Descending paralysis
  • Dilated pupils
  • Dry mouth
37
Q

What is the etiology of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?

A

An inherited myopathic disorder affecting normal muscle function located on the X chromosome

38
Q

What are the primary sxs of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?

A
  • 2-3 yoa
  • Primary sxs: muscle weakness
  • Seen in males
39
Q

What is the Primary Pathologic process of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?

A

Muscle fiber degeneration

40
Q

What is a concussion?

A

Mild, traumatic brain injury, alteration in mental status with or without loss of consciousness

41
Q

What are s/sx of a concussion?

A
  • Confusion, amnesia, dizziness, blurred/double vision, delayed response, emotional changes
  • Repeated injuries
42
Q

What are the diagnostic test for a concussion?

A

CT scan w/o contrast

MRI: if prolonged or worsening sxs

43
Q

What is the tx for a concussion?

A

Cognitive and physical rest

44
Q

What are s/sx of meningitis?

A

Fever, HA, stiff neck, petechiae, altered mental status

45
Q

What is the etiology in neonates with meningitis?

A

Group B strep agalactiae (MC) and e. coli

46
Q

What is the etiology in adults with meningitis?

A

S. pneumonia and n. meningitidis

47
Q

What is the etiology in immunocompromised pts with meningitis?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

48
Q

What are the diagnostic test and finding for a pt with meningitis?

A

LP: increased opening pressure, decreased glucose, increased WBC, increased protein

CT scan to r/o mass before LP in high-risk pt.

49
Q

What is the tx for meningitis?

A

Dexamethasone + empiric abx (cipro or rifampin)

50
Q

How is encephalitis clinically different than meningitis?

A

Clinically different d/t altered brain function

51
Q

What are s/sx of encephalitis?

A

HA, fever, profound lethargy, altered mental status, personality changes, seizures.

52
Q

What lobe is encephalitis usually located?

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

What is the etiology of encephalitis?

A
  • Viral infection of the brain parenchyma
  • MC: HSV
  • Immunocompromised = CMV
54
Q

What are the diagnostic test and finding for a pt with encephalitis?

A
  • PCR for viruses

- LP: normal glucose, increased protein, lymphocytosis.

55
Q

What is the tx for encephalitis?

A
  • Symptomatic/ supportive care

- If HSV: acyclovir

56
Q

What is the MC primary HA in peds?

A

Migraines

Neuro (14 decks)

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