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Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the s/sx of a tension HA?

A

Bilateral, forehead, neck, squeezing pain

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2
Q

What is the tx for tension HA?

A

NSAIDs, MSK relaxers

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3
Q

What are the s/sxs of a migraine HA?

A 
P: pulsatile
O: hOurs (duration 4-72 hrs)
U: Unilateral
N: Nauseating
D: Disability
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4
Q

What are the s/sx of a cluster HA?

A

Severe unilateral, periorbital, lacrimation, nasal congestion.

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5
Q

What is the tx for a cluster HA?

A

100% oxygen

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6
Q

What are the clinical presentations for secondary HAs (SNOOP4)

A 
S: systemic signs and disorder
N: neurological sxs
O: onset that is sudden
O: older than 40
P: progressively worsening
P: postural
P: precipitated by Valsalva maneuver or exertion 
P: previous headache w/ new features
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7
Q

What is the clinical presentation of CNS tumors?

A

Gradual onset, accompanied by focal neuro deficit

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8
Q

What is the MC and worst case CNS tumor?

A

MC: glioma

Worst case: glioblastoma multiforme

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9
Q

What is the definition of a seizure?

A

Sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain

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10
Q

What is the temp of a febrile seizure?

A

Convulsion associated w/ elevated temp >38 C or 103.0 F

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11
Q

What is the MC neuro disorder in infants and young children?

A

Febrile seizures

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12
Q

What age do febrile seizures occur?

A

6 mos - 5 yrs

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13
Q

What is a simple febrile seizure vs a complex febrile seizure?

A
  • Simple: less than 15 minutes, no reoccurrence w/ in 24 hrs

- Complex: longer than 15 minutes, repetitive, may increase risk of epilepsy

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14
Q

Febrile seizures are thought to be associated with what?

A

Electrolyte abnormalities esp. low sodium

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15
Q

What is the tx for febrile seizures?

A

Lower temp and rectal diazepam if > 5 min

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16
Q

What is an absence seizure and what is the 1st line tx?

A

Blank stare into space

Tx: ethosuximide

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17
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure affects what part of the brain?

A

Both cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

What are s/sxs of a simple focal seizure?

A

No alteration in consciousness, may have motor or sensory sxs

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19
Q

What are s/sxs of a complex focal seizure?

A

Altered level of consciousness, lip smacking

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20
Q

The onset of breath-holding spells occurs at what age and is associated with what?

A
  • infants to - 6 yoa

- associated with genetics and iron deficiency anemia, or autonomic dysfunction

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21
Q

Are breath-holding spells autosomal recessive or dominant?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
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22
Q

Who is mostly affected by vasovagal syncope?

A

Young and healthy pts

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23
Q

How long does a vasovagal syncope last and when does it typically occur?

A
  • 1-2 minutes

- occurs w/ sitting or standing

24
Q

What is a vasovagal syncope caused by?

A

Caused by neural reflex = hypotension d/t bradycardia or peripheral vasodilation

25
What is a classic/typical case of vasovagal syncope?
D/t emotion, orthostatic, pain, fear, heat, physical activity
26
What is an atypical case of vasovagal syncope?
Older pts, and recurrent
27
What is Guillain-Barré syndrome?
Acute monophasic ascending paralysis
28
What is the etiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome?
- MC'ly provoked by an illness | - Campylobacter jejuni enteritis
29
What are the clinical manifestations of Guillain-Barré syndrome?
- Ascending paralysis - Progressive weakness - Worsening respiratory status - Bulbar weakness= cranial nerves, dysphagia, slurred speech, difficulty handling secretions, dysphonia
30
What is the tx for Guillain-Barré syndrome?
IVIG and plasma exchange
31
What is the etiology of Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?
An autoimmune disorder, antibody-mediated. Break down of acetylcholine.
32
What is the clinical manifestation of Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?
- Ocular manifestation or weakness in the ocular (ptosis), bulbar, limb or respiratory muscles - Fever - Diarrhea
33
What are the dx test for Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?
- ice pack test | - CT or MRI of chest to R/O thymoma
34
What is the tx for Juvenile and transient neonatal myasthenia gravis?
Cholinesterase inhibitors for several wks: Neostigmine
35
What is the etiology of infant botulism?
Eating food contaminated w/ clostridium botulinum (ie honey)
36
What are the clinical manifestations of infant botulism?
- Descending paralysis - Dilated pupils - Dry mouth
37
What is the etiology of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?
An inherited myopathic disorder affecting normal muscle function located on the X chromosome
38
What are the primary sxs of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?
- 2-3 yoa - Primary sxs: muscle weakness - Seen in males
39
What is the Primary Pathologic process of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies?
Muscle fiber degeneration
40
What is a concussion?
Mild, traumatic brain injury, alteration in mental status with or without loss of consciousness
41
What are s/sx of a concussion?
- Confusion, amnesia, dizziness, blurred/double vision, delayed response, emotional changes - Repeated injuries
42
What are the diagnostic test for a concussion?
CT scan w/o contrast | MRI: if prolonged or worsening sxs
43
What is the tx for a concussion?
Cognitive and physical rest
44
What are s/sx of meningitis?
Fever, HA, stiff neck, petechiae, altered mental status
45
What is the etiology in neonates with meningitis?
Group B strep agalactiae (MC) and e. coli
46
What is the etiology in adults with meningitis?
S. pneumonia and n. meningitidis
47
What is the etiology in immunocompromised pts with meningitis?
Cryptococcus neoformans
48
What are the diagnostic test and finding for a pt with meningitis?
LP: increased opening pressure, decreased glucose, increased WBC, increased protein CT scan to r/o mass before LP in high-risk pt.
49
What is the tx for meningitis?
Dexamethasone + empiric abx (cipro or rifampin)
50
How is encephalitis clinically different than meningitis?
Clinically different d/t altered brain function
51
What are s/sx of encephalitis?
HA, fever, profound lethargy, altered mental status, personality changes, seizures.
52
What lobe is encephalitis usually located?
Temporal lobe
53
What is the etiology of encephalitis?
- Viral infection of the brain parenchyma - MC: HSV - Immunocompromised = CMV
54
What are the diagnostic test and finding for a pt with encephalitis?
- PCR for viruses | - LP: normal glucose, increased protein, lymphocytosis.
55
What is the tx for encephalitis?
- Symptomatic/ supportive care | - If HSV: acyclovir
56
What is the MC primary HA in peds?
Migraines

Neuro (14 decks)

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