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Neuro > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What causes neurons to be released?

A

Calcium

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2
Q

What enters the cell to make it more positive?

A

Sodium

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3
Q

What nerve causes the eye to turn toward the Ipsilateral ear?

A

CN 6- Abducens

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4
Q

77 yr old pt comes in after a fall 48 hrs ago and is confused and ataxic what do you suspect the diagnosis is?

A

SDH d/t venous

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5
Q

Pt gets cut on the right side of his spinal cord but the left side is intact what would you expect pt to see on PE?

A

Loss of pain sensation of left side.

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6
Q

What receptor is on the postsynaptic neuron?

A

N-neuron (nicotine)

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7
Q

If pt came in with a spinal cord injury at L5 what would you expect he would have trouble with?

A

Obtaining an erection (parasympathetic)

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8
Q

What is the MC Muscarinic receptor subtype?

A

M3 - glandular muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

Is a2 receptor on pre or postsynaptic cleft?

A

Presynaptic

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10
Q

Where does the sympathetic chain ganglia stop receiving spinal input?

A

L2

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11
Q

What does postsynaptic neurons release?

A

NE, ACh, D

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12
Q

What does DTR engage?

A

Contralateral muscle

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13
Q

Nerves in the motor descending pathway run through what?

A

Anterior horn

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14
Q

Muscle contractions occur during motor descending pathway through what process?

A

Recruitment

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15
Q

What is recruitment?

A

When your body uses as few muscle fibers it needs but if needs more it will “recruit” more muscle fibers

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16
Q

Indirect pathway regulates what?

A

Axial muscles, balance, posture, coarse limb movement, head, neck and eye movements

17
Q

Direct pathway regulates what?

A

Fast and fine (skilled movements)

18
Q

Upper motor neurons are located where?

A

Spinal cord and brain

- Pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex

19
Q

Lower motor neurons are located where?

A

Periphery

  • Ventral horn motor neurons
  • innervate the skeletal muscles
20
Q

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

A

Hemisection of the spinal cord (disturbance of half of the spinal cord)

21
Q

Sensation (afferent tract) of the anterolateral tract is responsible for detecting what?

A

Pain and temperature

22
Q

Where does the anterolateral tract decussate?

A

At the spinal level

23
Q

Sensation (afferent tract) of the dorsal column tract is responsible for detecting what?

A

Two-point discrimination, pressure, vibrations, and joint position sense (proprioception)

24
Q

Where does the dorsal column tract decussate?

A

At the medulla

25
Q

What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

A

A condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord (cauda equina) is damaged.
- Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control.

26
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapering end of the spinal cord

27
Q

What is the conus medullaris surrounded by?

A

L1 in adults and L2 in children

28
Q

What nerve drains back through the cavernous sinus?

A

Facial nerve and much of the venous supply

29
Q

What is the nasal triangle called? and why is it significant?

A

Hesselbach triangle

- an infection in the nasal triangle can flow down to the brain which can result in meningitis.

30
Q

Is a SDH venous or arterial?

A

Venous (slow bleed)

31
Q

Is a EDH venous or arterial?

A

Arterial (fast bleed d/t severe trauma)

32
Q

What can subclavian steal syndrome lead to?

A

Reversal in the direction of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery and down to the left arm which can lead to claudication.

33
Q

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

A

To the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe, and the anterior parietal lobe.

34
Q

The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

A

To the posterior medial parietal lobe, inferior and medial part of the temporal lobe, and the medial and inferior surfaces of the occipital lobe.

35
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

A

To the lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

36
Q

What do the cerebral arteries branch off of?

A

Circle of Wilis

37
Q

What occurs if there is damage to the Brocas area?

A

Can understand others but cannot speak

38
Q

What occurs if there is damage to the Wernicke’s area?

A

Cannot understand others but is able to speak however it is fluent nonsense.

39
Q

What is it called if there is damage to both the Broca’s and Wernickes area?

A

Global aphasia

Neuro (14 decks)

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