Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What causes neurons to be released?

Answer 1

Calcium

Question 2

What enters the cell to make it more positive?

Answer 2

Sodium

Question 3

What nerve causes the eye to turn toward the Ipsilateral ear?

Answer 3

CN 6- Abducens

Question 4

77 yr old pt comes in after a fall 48 hrs ago and is confused and ataxic what do you suspect the diagnosis is?

Answer 4

SDH d/t venous

Question 5

Pt gets cut on the right side of his spinal cord but the left side is intact what would you expect pt to see on PE?

Answer 5

Loss of pain sensation of left side.

Question 6

What receptor is on the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 6

N-neuron (nicotine)

Question 7

If pt came in with a spinal cord injury at L5 what would you expect he would have trouble with?

Answer 7

Obtaining an erection (parasympathetic)

Question 8

What is the MC Muscarinic receptor subtype?

Answer 8

M3 - glandular muscarinic receptors

Question 9

Is a2 receptor on pre or postsynaptic cleft?

Answer 9

Presynaptic

Question 10

Where does the sympathetic chain ganglia stop receiving spinal input?

Answer 10

L2

Question 11

What does postsynaptic neurons release?

Answer 11

NE, ACh, D

Question 12

What does DTR engage?

Answer 12

Contralateral muscle

Question 13

Nerves in the motor descending pathway run through what?

Answer 13

Anterior horn

Question 14

Muscle contractions occur during motor descending pathway through what process?

Answer 14

Recruitment

Question 15

What is recruitment?

Answer 15

When your body uses as few muscle fibers it needs but if needs more it will “recruit” more muscle fibers

Question 16

Indirect pathway regulates what?

Answer 16

Axial muscles, balance, posture, coarse limb movement, head, neck and eye movements

Question 17

Direct pathway regulates what?

Answer 17

Fast and fine (skilled movements)

Question 18

Upper motor neurons are located where?

Answer 18

Spinal cord and brain

- Pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex

Question 19

Lower motor neurons are located where?

Answer 19

Periphery

• Ventral horn motor neurons
• innervate the skeletal muscles

Question 20

What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?

Answer 20

Hemisection of the spinal cord (disturbance of half of the spinal cord)

Question 21

Sensation (afferent tract) of the anterolateral tract is responsible for detecting what?

Answer 21

Pain and temperature

Question 22

Where does the anterolateral tract decussate?

Answer 22

At the spinal level

Question 23

Sensation (afferent tract) of the dorsal column tract is responsible for detecting what?

Answer 23

Two-point discrimination, pressure, vibrations, and joint position sense (proprioception)

Question 24

Where does the dorsal column tract decussate?

Answer 24

At the medulla

Question 25

What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?

Answer 25

A condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord (cauda equina) is damaged. - Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control.

Question 26

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 26

The tapering end of the spinal cord

Question 27

What is the conus medullaris surrounded by?

Answer 27

L1 in adults and L2 in children

Question 28

What nerve drains back through the cavernous sinus?

Answer 28

Facial nerve and much of the venous supply

Question 29

What is the nasal triangle called? and why is it significant?

Answer 29

Hesselbach triangle | - an infection in the nasal triangle can flow down to the brain which can result in meningitis.

Question 30

Is a SDH venous or arterial?

Answer 30

Venous (slow bleed)

Question 31

Is a EDH venous or arterial?

Answer 31

Arterial (fast bleed d/t severe trauma)

Question 32

What can subclavian steal syndrome lead to?

Answer 32

Reversal in the direction of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery and down to the left arm which can lead to claudication.

Question 33

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

Answer 33

To the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe, and the anterior parietal lobe.

Question 34

The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

Answer 34

To the posterior medial parietal lobe, inferior and medial part of the temporal lobe, and the medial and inferior surfaces of the occipital lobe.

Question 35

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to what parts of the brain?

Answer 35

To the lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lateral areas of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Question 36

What do the cerebral arteries branch off of?

Answer 36

Circle of Wilis

Question 37

What occurs if there is damage to the Brocas area?

Answer 37

Can understand others but cannot speak

Question 38

What occurs if there is damage to the Wernicke's area?

Answer 38

Cannot understand others but is able to speak however it is fluent nonsense.

Question 39

What is it called if there is damage to both the Broca's and Wernickes area?

Answer 39

Global aphasia