Pediatric PK / PD & Dosage Forms Flashcards
Pediatric Vital Signs - Compared to Adults
BP lower
HR higher
RR higher
Pediatric Urine Output - Normal Value
1 mL / kg/ hr
Neonate Penicillin Concentrations - Compared to Adults
6 times higher
Reason Behind Decreased Rate of Drug Absorption
reduced intestinal contractions
reduced gastric emptying
Capillary Density - Compared to Adults
increased by 25% -> greater IM bioavailability
Distribution - Compared to Adults
increased total body water ->
increased Vd of hydrophilic drugs -> higher mg/kg/dose of hydrophilic drugs
decreased Vd of lipophilic drugs -> lower mg/kg/dose of lipophilic drugs
Protein Binding - Compared to Adults
decreased binding affinity of fetal albumin
decreased concentrations of circulating proteins
increased free fractions of drugs
Metabolism in Infants
decreased CYP3A4 activity
increased 2C19 activity
Elimination - Compared to Adults
slower clearance
longer half-life
requires less frequent administration
Tube Administration - Considerations
site of absorption
contact with plastic
clogging possibility
Benzoyl Alcohol - Danger in Neonates
neurotoxicity & metabolic acidosis
Sorbitol - Adverse Effect
osmotic diarrhea
Ceftriaxone & Sulfonamides - Avoid In…
infants < 2 months old
due to risk of bilirubin displacement from albumin-binding sites
Gastric pH
is higher in pediatric patients
meaning lower absorption of acids -> requiring higher mg/kg/dose of acidic drugs
Gastric Emptying
delayed in pediatric patients
meaning decreased rate of drug absorption, decreased bioavailability
