Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Pediatrics Compendium > Pediatric First Aid: Nutrition > Flashcards

Pediatric First Aid: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference in caloric requirement between a newborn and 1 year old?

A

Newborn: 100-120 kcal/kg/day

1 yo: 75 kcal/kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the growth rate of newborns in g/day?

A

30 g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When should solid foods be introduced into a child’s diet? (Mom is exclusively breast feeding)

A

at 4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is whole cow’s milk not suitable for infants?

A

has higher levels of sodium, potassium, and protein = increase renal solute load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When can cow’s milk be introduced into a child’s diet?

A

AFTER their 1st birthday (1 yo+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the optimal protein requirement for term infants per day?

A

2.2 g/kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why should baby’s not be put to sleep with a bottle?

A

can increase the risk of dental caries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the predominant protein in breast milk?

A

Whey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is cow’s milk not recommended for children less than 1 year of age?

A

infants GI is not well-developed enough to digest and can lead to GI blood loss/iron deficiency due to allergy formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the name for the first milk produced after birth?

What color is it?

A

Colostrum - deep lemon color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the importance of colostrum for the newborn?

A

helps clear bilirubin from the gut and help prevent jaundice

high in protein, minerals, immunologic factors, antimicrobial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 4 supplements do breast-fed infants require?

A
  1. Vitamin K - 1mg IM @ birth
  2. Vitamin D - 400 IU/day
  3. Fluoride - after 6 months
  4. Iron - 4-6 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 main benefits to breast-feeding for an infant?

A
  1. dec. infection risk
  2. inc. immunologic factors
  3. dec. exposure to enteropathogens
  4. dec. chronic disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you break the suction of a breastfeeding infant that will not let go of mom’s nipple?

A

insert finger in corner of mouth; DON’T PULL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 4 infections are absolute contraindications to breastfeeding?

A
  1. active, untreated Tuberculosis
  2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  3. HIV
  4. Herpetic breast lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between Breast-Feeding Jaundice and Breast Milk Jaundice?

A

BF = due to dec. milk production or poor milk intake
- dec. intake = minimal stooling
- INC. enterohepatic bilirubin circulation

BM = breast milk inhibits bilirubin conjugation
- prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
- transient unless severe, no Tx necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the timing of Breast-Feeding Jaundice vs Breast Milk Jaundice?

A

Breast Feeding = DURING first week of life

Breast Milk = AFTER first week of life (peak weeks 2-3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Are maternal hepatitis A/B/C transmitted through breast-feeding?

A

Not usually!

  • infant should be immunized against Hep B though
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many wet diapers should a child have prior to one week of life and how many should they have after the first week?

A

Prior to 1st week: 1 wet diaper x age in days
- ex: 3 days old = 3 wet diapers

After 1st week: 6 wet diapers/day

20
Q

What is the most common cause of Failure to Thrive?

A

inadequate caloric intake

21
Q

What is the most common cause of mastitis and where does it typically come from?

Should breastfeeding continue if mother has active mastitis?

A

MCC = Staph Aureus, typically from oropharynx of asymptomatic INFANT

  • continue feeding on affected breast
22
Q

What kind of anemia would be seen in an infant receiving goat’s milk?

A

MEGALOBLASTIC anemia

23
Q

Is it okay to give an infant < 6 months of age water or juice?

A

NO!

Water - fills them up
Juice - empty calories/excess sugar = diarrhea

24
Q

How should new foods be introduced to the infant?

A

individually and about a week apart

  • helps identify allergies and intolerances
25
Q

What is the equation for manually measuring the percentage of dehydration a child has?

A

Pre-illness weight - illness weight / pre-illness weight x 100%

26
Q

What is the PARCHED mnemonic for checking pediatric dehydration?

A

P - pee/pressure
A - anterior fontanelle
R - refill (capillary)
C - crying
H - heart rate
E - elasticity of skin
D - dryness of mucus membranes

27
Q

How do you calculate maintenance intravenous fluids (IVF) using the Holliday-Segar method?

A

First 10 kg of weight = 100 mL/kg
Next 10 kg of weight = 50 mL/kg
Weight > 20 kg = 20mL/kg over 20 kg

Ex: 25kg patient = 1000 mL + 500 mL + 100 mL = 1600 mL/day or 65 mL/hr

28
Q

How do you calculate maintenance IVF using the 4-2-1 rule for milliliters per hour?

A

First 10 kg of weight = 4 mL/kg
Next 10 kg of weight = 2 mL/kg
Weight > 20 kg = 1 mL/kg

Ex: 25kg patient = 40 mL + 20 mL + 5 mL = 65 mL/hr

29
Q

What is the definition of hypotonic (hyponatremic) dehydration?

A

Serum Na < 130 mEq/L

30
Q

Euvolemic Hyponatremia is commonly caused by what condition in pediatric patients?

A

SIADH - hospitalized children are at increased risk for nonphysiologic ADH secretion

31
Q

How do you calculate the sodium deficit of a patient with hyponatremia?

A

(Na desired - Na observed) x body weight (kg) x 0.6

  • do NOT exceed correction > 2 mEq/hr for chronic hyponatremia
32
Q

How should sodium replacement be given and how can it be given if serum Na < 120 mEq/L?

A

give first half of deficit over 8 hours, then second half over the next 16 hours

  • if serum Na < 120 + CNS symptoms, give 3% NaCl solution IV over 1 hour to raise serum Na above 120 mEq/L
33
Q

What is the definition of hypertonic (hypernatremic) dehydration?

A

serum Na > 150 mEq/L

34
Q

What is the rate of hypernatremia correction?

A

decrease by rate of 10-15 mEq/L/day

35
Q

How are pH and serum potassium levels related?

A

for ever 0.1 reduction of serum pH there is an increase in serum potassium of 0.2-0.4 mEq/L

36
Q

What are the definitions of hypokalemia, severe hypokalemia, mild/moderate hyperkalemia, and severe hyperkalemia?

A

Hypokalemia = < 3.5 mEq/L
Severe hypokalemia = < 2.5 mEq/L

Mild/Mod hyperkalemia = 6.0-7.0 mEq/L
Severe hyperkalemia = > 7.0 mEq/L

37
Q

How is the cardiac membrane stabilized in a patient with severe or symptomatic hyperkalemia?

A

calcium chloride or calcium gluconate

38
Q

How does Kayexalate work?

A

binds potassium in the gut

  • is very slow
39
Q

What does a fluoride deficiency lead to in children?

A

Dental caries

40
Q

What is the recommended iron supplementation for infants and when should you start supplementing infants?

A

1 mg/kg/day beginning at 4-6 months

  • infants iron stores are sufficient for 6 months in a term infant
41
Q

What is the recommended iron supplementation for preterm infants and when should you start supplementing them?

A

2 mg/kg/day starting at 2 months of age

42
Q

Does human breastmilk have sufficient levels of Vitamin K?

A

No - it is deficient in Vitamin K

43
Q

What is the difference in iron between human breast milk and cow’s milk?

A

Cow’s milk has more iron than human, but human breast milk has more bioavailable forms of iron

44
Q

What additional two supplements should be given to strict vegetarian mothers?

A

Thiamine and Vitamin B12

45
Q

What is the #1 most common cause of blindness in children worldwide?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

46
Q

What are the BMI-for-age %iles for overweight, obese, and severely obese children?

A

Overweight = BMI in 85th-94th %ile
Obese = BMI 95th-98th %ile
Severely Obese = > 99th %ile

47
Q

What is the risk of obesity in children with one obese parents vs two obese parents?

A

One obese parent = 40% chance of obesity as an adult
Two obese parents = 80% chance of obesity as an adult

A Pediatrics Compendium (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions