Pediatric Disorders Flashcards
What are some examples of transcervical (ascending) perinatal infections?
Beta hemolytic streptococcal (bacterial) and herpes (viral); may cause pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis; associated with chorioamnionitis and funisitis.
What are transcervical perinatal (ascending) infections?
Infections that spread through the cervicovaginal canal in utero or during birth. Fetus can also gain infection from amniotic fluic.
What are some exampls of transplacental (hematological) perinatal infections?
Viruses, parasites, some baterial. You have TORCH (toxoplasma, rubella, CMV, herpes), and T pallidum. Usually present with fever, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, pneumonia, myocarditis, anemia.
What causes respiratory distress?
Most common casue is respiratory distress syndrome. Excessive maternal sedation during delivery, fetal head injury during deliery, aspiration of blood of amniotic fluid, intrauterine hypoxia.
What are the risk factors for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
Mainly premature birth (<36 wks), but also maternal diabetes, C-section before labour, twins, male infants.
What is the pathogenesis of RDS (hyaline membrane disease)?
Immature lungs cannot create enough surfactant (made by type II pneumocytes). Alveoli collapse and infant tires from breathing. Hypoxia leader to epithelial/endothelial damage leading to formation of hyaline membranes.
What are treatments for RDS?
Corticosteroids for the mother if early delivery is unavoidable (increases surfactant synthesis), supportive ventlilation, aerosolized natural or recombinant surfactant.
What is sudden infant death syndrome?
Sudden and unexpected mysterious death <1 yrs of age. It is the leading cause of death during infancy in developed countries. Most babies are during age 2-4 months.
What are some maternal factors for SIDS?
Youth <20 yrs, unmarried, short intergestational periods, low SDS, smoking, and drug abuse.
What are some infant factors for SIDS?
Prematurity, low birth weight, male, multiple births, not 1st sibling, prior SIDS.
What are some environmental factors for SIDS?
Prone sleeping position (sleeping on belly), sleeping in soft surface, hyperthermia, postnatal passive smoking.
What are heterotopia or choristoma?
Microscopically normal cells or tissues present in abnormal locations. (pancreatic tissue)
What are hamartomas?
Excessive but focal overgrowth of cells and tissues native to the organ in which it occurs (pulmonary hamartoma of cartiladge, smooth muscle, respiratory epithelium.
What are teratomas?
Monster tumour, from all 3 germ layers; may be benign, lesions of indeterminate malignant potential or frankly malignant. Usually sacrococcygeal ,in the testes, ovaries, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, head/neck.
What are the two types of benign tumours?
Hemangiomas and lymphangiomas.