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Pediatric Orthopedics > Pediatric Disease > Flashcards

Pediatric Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 factors of growth failure

A
  • genetically determined short stature
  • muscular dystrophy/chromosome disorders
  • IUGR - smoking, alcohol, infection, bleeding
  • skeletal dysplasia - achondroplasia; supportive care
  • constitutional delays in growth and puberty
  • malnutrition
  • chronic system disorders, eg CHF
  • endocrine disorders (hypothyroid)
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2
Q

What is the number one reason for growth failure in the world

A

Malnutrition

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3
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder of childhood

A

Diabetes mellitus

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4
Q

What is the mean age of onset of T1DM and what age are we now seeing it at

A

Mean age = 12
Now seeing it at 2

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5
Q

What is the presentation of T1DM

A
  • acute onset
  • poor appetite and malaise
  • hyperglycemia leading to DKA
  • emergency
  • child is flushed, bright eyed, Kussmaul breathing
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6
Q

What is the most common presentation of T1DM

A

DKA

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7
Q

Describe the fasting blood glucose in T1DM

A

Elevated

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8
Q

Treatment for T1DM

A

Insulin for duration of life

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9
Q

What are some clinical signs of DM

A
  • polyuria, polydyspia
  • nocturnal enuresis
  • weight loss
  • lethargy
  • infection
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10
Q

What are the complications of DM in children

A
  • Vascular - artherosclerosis,
  • Retinopahty
  • Nephropathy
  • Neuropathy
  • Thyroid
  • Celiac disease
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11
Q

Prevalence of retinopathy is most prevalent with a history of

A

Childhood diabetes

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12
Q

What is a predictor of nephropathy

A

Microalbuminuria

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13
Q

What are factors leading to nephropathy

A

HTN
T1DM > 5 years
Poor glycemic control
Lipid abnormalities

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14
Q

Control of _____ alone can slow the progression of nephropathy

A

BP

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15
Q

_______ control can help with microalbuminuria

A

Glycemic

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16
Q

What is the best test for evaluation of neuropathy in peds

A

Motor nerve conduction velocities

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17
Q

What is the most common form of neuropathy

A

Peripheral sensory neuropathy

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18
Q

Neuropathy can affect which nervous system, leading to impotence, nocturnal diarrhea and postural hypotension

A

ANS

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19
Q

What is T2DM

A

Body develops a resistance to insulin and no longer uses insulin properly, As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood sugar

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20
Q

What is HIV characterized by

A

T-cel disturbance

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21
Q

What is the intrauterine transfer of HIV

A

80% of cases

22
Q

What are the common symptoms of HIV

A

Candidiasis
Opportunistic infections
Pneumocystis carnii

23
Q

What is the most common coagulation disorder

A

Hemophilia -family history-recessive trait

24
Q

What is the most common platelet disorder in pediatrics

A

Idiopathic thrombocyptopenia purpura (ITP) - eccymoses with petechial rash over extremities

25
Q

How do you diagnose idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

A

Tourniquet test with bleeding time prolonged beyond ten minutes

26
Q

What is ascending lymphangitis

A

Red streaking in the pathway of the Lymph

27
Q

What is Milroy’s disease

A

Pitting edema of the lower limbs

28
Q

What is the most common form of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia - present in 10% of ages 1-3

29
Q

What is hematogenous osteomyelitis

A

Encountered primarily in children
Lack of phagocytic lining cells in bones of pediatric patients making them susceptible

30
Q

What is the primary organism causing hematogenous osteomyelitis

A

Staph aureus - 74%

31
Q

If there is a UTI, what is the primary organism causing hematogenous osteomyelitis

A

Streptococci

32
Q

What is bone dysplasia

A

Deformity and irregularity at multiple epiphyseal sites in bones can cause malformation of cartilage and bones resulting in dysplasia

33
Q

Types of dysplasia’s

A

Acondroplasia
Osteopetrosis
Osteopoikolosis
Mafans
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Fibrous dysplasia

34
Q

What is achodroplasia

A

Long bones that are short and broad

35
Q

What is osteopetrosis

A

Bone within a bone appearance at the metaphysis and MTs are expanded

36
Q

What is osteopoikolosis

A

Increase sclerosis with moldy spotty appearances
Spots in the bone

37
Q

How does Mafans look in the foot

A

Foot bones are unusually long with joint laxity

38
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Thin osteoporotic bones often times seen with multiple fracture sites

39
Q

What is fibrous dysplasia

A

Lack of bone modeling so you have sclerosis

40
Q

What are the benign bone tumors in peds

A

Osteochondroma
Osteoid osteoma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Simple bone cyst
Enchondroma
Chondroblastoma

41
Q

What is the most common benign bone tumor in peds

A

Osteochondroma

42
Q

Describe osteochondroma

A

Occurs in 2nd decade
Peripheral boney projection with flaring and cortical bone is continuous

43
Q

Describe osteoid osteoma

A

Highly cellular fibrovascular tissue found in immature bone
Generates osteoblastic response
in the diaphysis

44
Q

Describe aneurysmal bone cyst

A

Rare in the foot
Seen in tarsals? and phalanges
Cavernous blood filled spaces
Turns into an egg shell around the tumor

45
Q

Describe simple bone cyst

A

Found in calcaneus
Creates another carvern
Can make the bone fragile
Doesn’t hurt - incidental finding

46
Q

Describe enchondroma

A

Benign hyper cellular neoplasm of the cartilage
Most common in phalanges
Is intramedullary

47
Q

Describe chondroblastoma

A

Chondrocytes
Cartilage source

48
Q

What are the malignant bone tumors in peds

A

Osteosarcoma
Ewing’s sarcoma

49
Q

What are common soft tissue tumors in peds

A

Lipoma
Fibroma
Hemangioma

50
Q

Describe Ewing’s sarcoma

A

Moth eaten appearance of the bone

Pediatric Orthopedics (18 decks)

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