Pediatric Disease Flashcards by Anisia Peters

What are the 8 factors of growth failure

genetically determined short stature
muscular dystrophy/chromosome disorders
IUGR - smoking, alcohol, infection, bleeding
skeletal dysplasia - achondroplasia; supportive care
constitutional delays in growth and puberty
malnutrition
chronic system disorders, eg CHF
endocrine disorders (hypothyroid)

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What is the number one reason for growth failure in the world

Malnutrition

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What is the most common endocrine disorder of childhood

Diabetes mellitus

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What is the mean age of onset of T1DM and what age are we now seeing it at

Mean age = 12
Now seeing it at 2

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What is the presentation of T1DM

acute onset
poor appetite and malaise
hyperglycemia leading to DKA
emergency
child is flushed, bright eyed, Kussmaul breathing

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What is the most common presentation of T1DM

DKA

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Describe the fasting blood glucose in T1DM

Elevated

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Treatment for T1DM

Insulin for duration of life

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What are some clinical signs of DM

polyuria, polydyspia
nocturnal enuresis
weight loss
lethargy
infection

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What are the complications of DM in children

Vascular - artherosclerosis,
Retinopahty
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Thyroid
Celiac disease

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Prevalence of retinopathy is most prevalent with a history of

Childhood diabetes

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What is a predictor of nephropathy

Microalbuminuria

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What are factors leading to nephropathy

HTN
T1DM > 5 years
Poor glycemic control
Lipid abnormalities

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Control of _____ alone can slow the progression of nephropathy

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_______ control can help with microalbuminuria

Glycemic

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What is the best test for evaluation of neuropathy in peds

Motor nerve conduction velocities

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What is the most common form of neuropathy

Peripheral sensory neuropathy

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Neuropathy can affect which nervous system, leading to impotence, nocturnal diarrhea and postural hypotension

ANS

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What is T2DM

Body develops a resistance to insulin and no longer uses insulin properly, As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin to regulate blood sugar

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What is HIV characterized by

T-cel disturbance

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What is the intrauterine transfer of HIV

80% of cases

What are the common symptoms of HIV

Candidiasis
Opportunistic infections
Pneumocystis carnii

What is the most common coagulation disorder

Hemophilia -family history-recessive trait

What is the most common platelet disorder in pediatrics

Idiopathic thrombocyptopenia purpura (ITP) - eccymoses with petechial rash over extremities

How do you diagnose idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

Tourniquet test with bleeding time prolonged beyond ten minutes

What is ascending lymphangitis

Red streaking in the pathway of the Lymph

What is Milroy’s disease

Pitting edema of the lower limbs

What is the most common form of anemia

Iron deficiency anemia - present in 10% of ages 1-3

What is hematogenous osteomyelitis

Encountered primarily in children Lack of phagocytic lining cells in bones of pediatric patients making them susceptible

What is the primary organism causing hematogenous osteomyelitis

Staph aureus - 74%

If there is a UTI, what is the primary organism causing hematogenous osteomyelitis

Streptococci

What is bone dysplasia

Deformity and irregularity at multiple epiphyseal sites in bones can cause malformation of cartilage and bones resulting in dysplasia

Types of dysplasia’s

Acondroplasia Osteopetrosis Osteopoikolosis Mafans Osteogenesis imperfecta Fibrous dysplasia

What is achodroplasia

Long bones that are short and broad

What is osteopetrosis

Bone within a bone appearance at the metaphysis and MTs are expanded

What is osteopoikolosis

Increase sclerosis with moldy spotty appearances Spots in the bone

How does Mafans look in the foot

Foot bones are unusually long with joint laxity

What is osteogenesis imperfecta

Thin osteoporotic bones often times seen with multiple fracture sites

What is fibrous dysplasia

Lack of bone modeling so you have sclerosis

What are the benign bone tumors in peds

Osteochondroma Osteoid osteoma Aneurysmal bone cyst Simple bone cyst Enchondroma Chondroblastoma

What is the most common benign bone tumor in peds

Osteochondroma

Describe osteochondroma

Occurs in 2nd decade Peripheral boney projection with flaring and cortical bone is continuous

Describe osteoid osteoma

Highly cellular fibrovascular tissue found in immature bone Generates osteoblastic response in the diaphysis

Describe aneurysmal bone cyst

Rare in the foot Seen in tarsals? and phalanges Cavernous blood filled spaces Turns into an egg shell around the tumor

Describe simple bone cyst

Found in calcaneus Creates another carvern Can make the bone fragile Doesn’t hurt - incidental finding

Describe enchondroma

Benign hyper cellular neoplasm of the cartilage Most common in phalanges Is intramedullary

Describe chondroblastoma

Chondrocytes Cartilage source

What are the malignant bone tumors in peds

Osteosarcoma Ewing’s sarcoma

What are common soft tissue tumors in peds

Lipoma Fibroma Hemangioma

Describe Ewing’s sarcoma

Moth eaten appearance of the bone