pediatric cardiology

Question 1

cardiac embryology:

first identifieable cardia precursors

Answer 1

angiogenetic cell clusters arranged on both sides of the embryo’ central axis

Question 2

cardiac embryology:

clusters form paired cardiac tubes by ______

Answer 2

18 days og gestation

Question 3

paired tubes fuse in the midline on the ventral surface of the embryo to form the _____________

Answer 3

primitive heart tube by 22 days

Question 4

cardiac embryology:

septation of the ventricles

Answer 4

25 days

Question 5

cardiac embryology:

septation of the atria

Answer 5

30 days

Question 6

cardiac embryology:

AV valve and semilunar valve formation is complete

Answer 6

3 months

Question 7

funtional closure of DA

Answer 7

10-15 hours after birth

by constriction of the medial, smooth muscle in the ductus

Question 8

anatomic closure of DA

Answer 8

2-3 weeks of age

Question 9

strongest stimulus for constriction of ductal smooth muscles

Answer 9

postnatal increase in O2 saturatiotn of systemic circulation

Question 10

the ductal tissue of a premature infant responds ____ intensively to oxygen than that of a full-term infant

Answer 10

less

Question 11

remarks on ductus arteriosus of term infants

Answer 11

the wall of the ductus is deficient in both the mucoid endothelial layyer and the muscular media

Question 12

cyanotic heart dse with increaased pulmonary BF

Answer 12

TOGA
TAPVR
truncus arteriosus

Question 13

cyanoticc heart disease with decreased pulmonary BF

Answer 13

pulmonary atresia
pulmonary stenosis
TOF
tricuspid atresia
ebstein anomaly

Question 14

Acyanoticc heart diseases with increased pulmonary vascular markings

Answer 14

VSD

Question 15

Development in pulmonary hypertension in untreated acyanotic heart disease

Answer 15

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

Question 16

remarks on ASD

Answer 16

Systolic ejection †[blowing] murmur on left 2nd ICS
widely split S2
spotaneous closure is 87% for lesions <8 mm

†for VSD: systolic REGURGITANT murmur at LLSB; loud and single S2

Question 17

what produces the widely split S2 in ASD

Answer 17

results partially from RBBB which delays both the electrical depolarization of the RV and the ventricular contraction resulting in delayed closure of the pulmonary valve

Question 18

what’s assoc’d with endocardial cushion defect

Answer 18

Down syndrome

Atrioventricular septal defect

Question 19

hunter syndrome deficiency

Answer 19

iduronate-2-sulfatase

Question 20

Noonan syndrome

Answer 20

facial anomalies
shhort stature
webbed neck
chest deformities
UNDESCENDED TESTES
PULMONARY STENOSIS

Question 21

most common cyanotic heart defect beyond infancy

Answer 21

TOF

*procedure: Blalock-Taussig shunt

Question 22

RVOT obstruction in TOF is most frequently in the form of

Answer 22

infundibular stenosis

Question 23

Pulmonary stenosis murmur

Answer 23

systolic ejecction murmur at the mid and ULSB with radation to the upper back

Question 24

what is the main pathophysiologic mechanism behind the hypercyanotic speels of TOF

Answer 24

due to decreased pulmonary blood flow 📌