Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PGY1 > Pediatric > Flashcards

Pediatric Flashcards

1
Q

Investigations for eating disorders

A

CBC, lytes, extended lytes, thyroid, LH/FSH, estradiol, prolactin, BHCG, ECG if abnormal lytes, bone density (family MD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hospitalization requirements for anorexia nervosa

A

< 75% ideal body weight or ongoing weight loss despite intensive MGMT, refusal to eat, body fat < 10%, HR < 50 at daytime, < 45 at night, sBP < 90, orthostatic change in pulse > 20 or > 10 in sBP, T < 35.6, arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hospitalization requirements in bulimia nervosa

A

syncope, K+ < 3.2, esophageal tears/hematemesis, arrhythmias, suicide risk, intractable vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SSRI of choice for children

A

fluoxetine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chlamydia treatment ABx

A

azithromycin 1 g PO or doxycycline 100 mg BID x 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Complications of chlamydia

A

chronic pelvic pain due to PID, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, reactive arthritis, epididymo-orchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

To r/o in bartholian cysts

A

malignancy, STI (gonorrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abx of choice for gonorrhea

A

ceftriaxone 250 mg IM or cefixime 400 mg PO x 1 an azithromycin 1g PO x 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MGMT of gonorrhea

A

Abx, sexual abstinence for 7 days, f/u cultures within 4 - 5 days post-tx, repeat screening after 3 months (not done with chlamydia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of Cyanosis with 1st hours

A

ToF, ebstein’s, pulmonary atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition of Ebstein’s anomaly

A

tricuspid valve is displaced towards apex of RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

ToF, ebstein’s anomaly, TGA, trucus arteriosis, tricuspid atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

5Ts of cyanotic congenital heart defects

A

ToF (overriding aorta, VSD, PA stenosis, RV hypertrophy), truncus arteriosus (single trunk for aortic arch, pulm arteries and coronary arteries), TGA (RV –> aorta and LV to PA), tircuspid atresia (forces systemic venous return across ASD –> mixing of pulmonic venous return), TAPVR: PV not connected to LA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

definition of patent ductus arteriosus

A

persistent patency of structure between L pulmonary artery and descending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Signs of CHF in pediatric patients

A

2Ts and megalies: tachycardia, tachypnea, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathological/Abnormal fractures in children

A

< 18 months, non-ambulatory children, metaphyseal, rib, scapula, vertebrae, sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Disorders to r/o in child abuse

A

birth injuries, osteomalacia, congenital syphilis, bone disorders (ricket’s, osteogenesis imperfecta, NM disorders, copper deficiency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Definition of macule

A

flat, circumscribed area of colour change, < 1 cm; if greater, patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definition of papule

A

elevated palpable lesion, if > 1 cm plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definition of vesicle

A

fluid-filled elevation (i.e., pus), If > 1 cm = bullae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition of pustule

A

circumscribed elevation of skin containing purulent exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Definition of nodule

A

palpable solid lesion, if > 1 cm tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Key skin disorders in newborns (5)

A

acne neonatorum, erythema toxicum neonatoroum, infantile hemangioma, milia, transient neonatal pustular melanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Acne neonatorum

A

closed comedones on corehead, nose and cheeks, resolves with 4 months without scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

erythema toxicum neonatorum

A

pustular eruption on face/trunk/proximal extremities, sparing palms and soles. flea-bitten appearance. resolves over 5 - 7 days usually but up to several weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

infantile hemangioma

A

benign vascular tumour, red appearance, may grow rapidly but ultimately resolves by age 12 at the latest, 50% by age 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

milia

A

1-2 mm pearly white or yellow papules often seen on forehead, cheeks, nose and chin, self-resolving with 3 months of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

transient neonatal pustular melanosis

A

vesiculopustular rash, seen in black newborns, can involve palms and soles; self limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

diaper rash definition

A

beefy red plaques and confluent erosions, + fine scales, +painful, satellite papules and pustules on thigh/abdomen, involving skin folds; MGMT: topical antifuncal 1% clotrimazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

contact dermatitis definition

A

shiny erythematous rash, macerations and erosions, skin folds are NOT involved (the line of the diaper); MGMT: barrier cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Skin disorders of childhood (5)

A

scabies, impetigo, tinea, urticaria, molluscum contagiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Definition of exanthem

A

skin eruption + fever, always involves the mucosa (check the mouth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Measles Presentation

A

morbiliform rash starting from hairline down (face/neck/trunk), 3Cs (conjunctiva, coryza, cough), koplik spots on buccal mucosa; infectious 4 days before and after rash requiring respiratory isolation, MGMT: vitamin A, Ig +MMR vaccine for contacts. complications: pneumonia, OM, encephalitis, myocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rubella presentation

A

pink maculopapular rash on face/neck/trunk, occipital and retroauricular nodes, low grade fever; MGMT: symptoms. complications: STAR - sore throat, arthritis, rash, congenital anomalites if during pregnancy (TORCH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Roseola presentation

A

pink maculopapular rash (HHV-6), MGMT: symptoms. complications: febrile seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Erythema infectiosum presentation

A

parvovirus B19; slapped cheeks, can be provoked with exercise or sun exposure. MGMT: STAR, glove & stocking distribution, aplastic crisis in SCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Chicken pox presentation

A

incubation is 21 days, ithcy vesiculobullous rash with crusts, dew drops on rose pedals; MGMT: symptoms, Complications: bacterial super-infections, necrotizing faschiitis, CNS: encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, hepatitis, DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Herpes Simplex presentation

A

grouped vesicles with erythematous base; MGMT: topical or oral antivirals; Complications: encephalitis, hepatitis, skin infections, keratitis, gingivostomatitis, DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hand-foot-mouth disease presentation

A

Coxsackie disease; vesicles and pustules with eruthematous base involving tongue, posterior pharynx. MGMT: symptoms. Complications: dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gianotti-Crosti syndrome

A

associated with EBV/HBV/coxsackie/parvovirus; acrodermatitis (involving hands and feet) papular, preceeding viral prodrome; MGMT: self-limiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Scarlet Fever presentation

A

GAS: generalized red papules with sand-paper texture, flexural accentuation (pastia’s lines), desquamation, strawberry tongue, petechie on palate; MGMT: penicillin V/ampicillin/amoxicillin; complications: pneumonia, pericarditis, meningitis, hepatitis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Kawasaki disease presentation

A

fever 5+ days and 4/5 of: unilateral LN, red/cracked lip/strawberry tongue, edema, erythema of palms and soles, generalized maculopapular rash, non-purulent bilateral conjunctivitis; MGMT: aspirin high-dose, IVIG, baseline ECHO and repeat in 6 months; complications: coronary artery aneursym

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Dermatitis definition

A

red, inflammatory skin changes with poorly demarcated borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Common types of dermatitis in pediatric patients (4)

A

contact dermaitits, atopic dermatitis (eczema), seborrheic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, scabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Eczema definition & MGMT

A

papules/plaques of edema and erythema +/- excoriation/lichenification, dry skin, pruritus; MGMT: skincare (emollients and moisturizers), topical corticosteroids for flare control (mid to high potency), lower potency for maintenace, topical calcineurin inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Distribution of eczema as per age group

A

infants: face + extensors
toddlers: flexural surfaces
adults: face, dorsum of feet, hands and eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Eczema herpeticum definition & MGMT

A

severe and lethal complication of atopic dermatitis (eczema) due to superimposed HSV infection; Complications: blindness, mortality Sx: fever + grouped punched-out erosions; MGMT: high-dose systemic antiviral therapy, optho consult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Papulosquamous Disorders definition + common types in pediatric patients (4)

A

red, itchy, scaly lesions with well-defined borders, hyperkeratotic and well-demarcated; psoriasis, pityriasis rosea, tinea, corporis, drug eruptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Psoriasis definition + MGMT

A

papulosquamous plaques with silvery scale; Auspitz sign: bleeding with removal of scales; nail involvement, arthritis, pruritus, involving extensor surfaces, scalp, genitalia, gluteal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Night terrors vs. nightmares

A

Night terrors: 1st third of the night, +autonomic agitation, high arousal threshold, agitated if awakened, no daytime sleepiness or recall of event; Nightmares: lasts 3rd of sleep (REM), +/- autonomic agitation, low arousal threshold, agitated after event, can have daytime sleepiness and frequent vivd recollection of event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Primitive Reflexes:

A

Root (0-4 months), Suck (0 - persists), Hand-toe grasp (0 - 3 months), Moro (0 - 6 months), asymmetric tonic neck reflex (2wks - 6 months), protective equilibrium (4 mos - persistent), parachute rection (8 months - persistent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pediatric hypoglycemia DDx

A

endocrine vs. non-endocrine; Endocrine ketosis, GH deficiency, panhypopituitarism, ACTH deficiency, addison’s disease, excess exogenous insulin; Non-endocrine: sepsis/shock, liver disease, ingestion, inborn error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

signs and sx of hypoglycemia

A

tremors, sweating, weakness, tachycardia, nervousness, hunger, neuroglycopenic - lethargy, irritability, confusion, hypothermia, seizures, coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Inv for hypoglycemia NYD

A

CBC+lytes, VBG, GH, cortisol, FFAs, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, NH4, etc. ketones, substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

MGMT of hypoglycemia in infants:

A

treat if < 3.3 + symptoms or < 2.8 mmol/L; 5 mL/kg of D10W or 2ml?kg of D25W bolus, continuous dextrose to maintain glucose, if no IV access, glucagon IM or SC (0.03 - 0.5 mg/dose for children < 20 kg; 1mg/dose for > 20 kgs) q20 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

SVT vs sinus tachy in pediatric patients

A

SVT: >220 BPM if < 1 yo; > 180 if > 1 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Definition of shock

A

inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to meet tissue metabolic demands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Signs of Compensated shock vs. Decompensated shock

A

Compensated: normal sBP, tachycardia, cool and pale distal extremities, delayed cap refill, weak peripheral pulses vs. central; decompensated: hypotension + depressed mental status, decreased U/O, metabolic acidosis, tachypnea, weak central pulses, colour changes (mottling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Initial MGMT of Shock

A

ABCs: position the patient, optimize oxygen content, support ventilation, establish lines; frequent assessment of vitals, ancillary tests, specific treatments; INV: CBC, lytes, curea, Cr, glucose, CRP, lactate, ABG, VBG, blood cx, imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Trendelenburg improves circulation in shock: T or F?

A

false (CJEM 2004; Johnson et co): does not improve circulation, detrimental effects on RVEF, head injuries and IOP, aspiration, pulmonary disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Glucose MGMT for pediatric patients

A

**in all critically ill or injured children perform rapid glucose test to r/o hypoglycemia as a cause or contributing factor to poor clinical status: MGMT: newborns: D10W 5 - 10 mL/kg; infants and children: D25W 2 - 4 mL/kg; Adolescents: D50W 1-2 mL/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Hypoglycemia MGMT for pediatric patients: rule of 50s

A

D10W x 5ml/kg; D25W x 2 ml/kg; D50W 1 ml/kg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

DDx for tachypnea in the newborn(9)

A

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), pneumothorax, meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, cardiac abnormalities (cyanotic vs. noncyanotic), neonatal sepsis, congenital diaphragmatic hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

H&P for respiratory distress in newborn

A

Birth history: C/S vs. SPV, maternal health factors, GBS, drug use, ROM prolonged?, maternal fever/infections, meconisum in amniotic fluid, birth weight, APGAR score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

APGAR score

A

normal: 8+; A:appearance (pale, pink), Pulse (absent, below or over 100), grimace (floppy, responding to stimulation), activity (muscle tone), respiration (crying, slow, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Fluid resuscitation in neonates

A

4-2-1 rule does NOT apply to neonates; use D10W until second day of life (inability to concentrate fluids)

67
Q

Fluid resuscitation in infants + children

A

maintenance fluid: D5W0.9%NaCl + K

68
Q

Severity of dehydration: mild

A

<5%; HR is slightly elevated, normal sBP, UO is slightly decreased, mucous membrane is slightly dry, thirst is slightly increased; normal LOC, normal anterior fontanelle, normal eyes and skin turgor

69
Q

Severity of dehydration: moderate

A

elevated HR, can have normal sBP, decreased UO, dry mucous membranes, sunken anterior fontanelle, sunken eyes, decreased skin turgor, moderately increased thirst

70
Q

Severity of dehydration: severe

A

++tachycardia, hypotensive, marked decreased UO/anuria, very dry mucous membranes, very sunken anterior fontalle, very sunken eyes, tenting of skin, greatly increased thirst, lethargy or coma

71
Q

MGMT of mild dehydration

A
  1. rehydrate 50 mL/kg ORT over 4 hours; 2. replace ongoing losses
72
Q

MGMT of moderate dehydration (5 - 10%)

A
  1. rehydrate with 100 mL/kg ORT over 4 hours; 2. replace ongoing losses
73
Q

MGMT of severe dehydration

A
  1. resuscitate with NS 20 mL/kg IV bolus; 2. reassess and repeat if necessary; 3. rehydration once patient is stable; 4. replace ongoing losses
74
Q

Contraindications for ORF

A

severe vomiting, severe dehydration, hemodynamic instability, impaired LOC, ileus,

75
Q

Fluid choice for resuscitation in pediatric patients

A

NS first. no D5W or K+ (only for maintenance; add K+ once voiding)

76
Q

Gastroenteritis Sx and MGMT

A

rotavirus; duration 3 - 7 days, viral –> bacterial after 2+ yo; Inv: stool analysis, cultures, C.Diff; MGMT: fluid replacement, ORF, nausea control; Complications: hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance, shock, tissue acidosis, cerebral edema from hyponatremia, pontine myelinolysis due to rapid correction

77
Q

DDx for vomiting in newborns

A

newborn: meconium ileus, malrotation with midgut volvulus, intestinal atresia, necrotizing enterocolitis, inborn errors

78
Q

DDx for vomiting in infants (0 - 3 months)

A

pyloric stenosis, GERD, milk/soy allergy, malrotation

79
Q

DDx for vomiting in children (3+ months)

A

intussusception, intracranial mass, gastroenteritis

80
Q

Definition of chronic diarrhea

A

2+ weeks of stool frequency, consistency, volume and duration of symptoms

81
Q

Types of diarrhea:

A

osmotic, secretory, dysmotility, inflammatory, infectious

82
Q

DDx of diarrhea without FTT

A

infectious, malabsoprtion (toddler’s diarrhea up to 3 years of life), IBS, medications

83
Q

DDx of diarrhea with FTT

A

autoimmune (celiac disease, allergic, eosinophilic gastro, IBD), immune deficieincy (HIV), malabsorption (CF, pancreatic insufficienc), GI protein loss (lymphatic obstruction, mucosal), bowel obstruction/dysmotility (Hirschsprung’s disease), neuroendocrine tumours

84
Q

DDx of RUQ abdo mass

A

liver mass

85
Q

DDx of RLQ abdo mass

A

appendix, abscess, lymphoma, ectopic kidney, ovarian/testicular mass

86
Q

DDx of LUQ mass

A

kidney (MCD, polycystic, hydronephrosis, renal vein thrombosis), neuroblastoma, Wilm’s tumour, adrenal hemorrhage

87
Q

DDx of periumbilical

A

GI duplication, mesenteric cyst, omental cyst, urachal cyst, meconium pseudocyst, pancreatic cyst

88
Q

DDx of chronic abdo pain

A

GI: constipation, IBS, lactose intolerance, esophagitits/gastritis, celiacl disease, PUD, IBD, parasitic infection, recurrent pancreatitis; GU: dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, ovarian cyst; Neuro: migraine/abdo migraines; ENDO: hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia), addison’s disease; CVS: superior mesenteric artery syndrome; HEME: SCD, leukemia/lymphoma, porphyria; Other: recurrent abdominal pain of childhood

89
Q

DDx of Constipation

A

functional vs. organic; organic causes: hypothyroidism, DM, hypercalcemia, Hirschsprung’s, SCI, CF, celiac disease, bowel obstruction, anal abnormalities, drugs

90
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease signs and symptoms

A

passage of meconium > 48 hrs after delivery, FTT, small stools, bilious vomiting, tight anal sphincter

91
Q

Recurrent Abdo Pain of Childhood Dx and MGMT

A

Dx: rule of 3s - 3+ attacks for ages 3+ over 3+ months; r/o constipation, abdo migraine, PUD, IBD, biliary colic, UPJ/renal colic, ovarian cyst celiac disease, parasitic infections, conversion reactions; MGMT: support

92
Q

Red Flags of Abdo Pain for pediatric patients

A

FTT, weight loss/growth delay, fever, joint pain, oral lesion, rash, rectal bleeding, localized pain away from umbilicus, rebound tenderness, radiation to back/shoulder/leg, nocturnal pain, N/V, diarrhea, encoperesis

93
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Dx and MGMT

A

3weeks - 3 months; M»F, associated with erythromycin use in first 2 weeks; Sx: projectile vomiting, nonbilious, dehydration, hungry, weight loss; +palpable olive-like mass at RUQ; Inv: US abdo, electrolytes (hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis from excessive vomiting); MGMT: NPO, NG tube, rehydration with IV NS, surgery

94
Q

Malrotation Dx and MGMT

A

due to abnormal embryological development at week 4 GA; Dx: any rotation < 270 degrees counterclockwise; Complications: volvulus, bowel ischemia; Sx: bilious vomiting, crampy abdo pain, abdo distension, mucous and blood in stool; Inv: AXR - gastric outlet obstruction: large gastric bubbles; duodenal obstruction: double-bubble sign, multiple air fluid levels, dilated bowel loops; Inv: upper gI series, contrast enema, abdo US; MGMT: NPO, NGT, fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antbiotics, urgent surgical intervention; Complications: short bowel syndrome

95
Q

Causes of Respiratory Distress in a Newborn

A

sepsis, RDS, TTN, meconium aspiration congenital pneumonia, air leak/PTX, structural abnormality, cardiac

96
Q

Definition of transient tachypnea of newborn

A

“wet lung” appearance on CXR; respiratory distress that resolves within 3- 5 days; delayed reabsorption of lung fluid; MGMT: ventilatory support and oxygentation, antibiotic coverage and gavage feeds; risk of air leak

97
Q

Definition of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

A

in utero passage of meconium with aspiration –> airway obstruction and chemical pneumonitis; MGMT: ventilation, oxygenation, antibiotics, surfactant

98
Q

CXR finding for Tetraology of Fallot

A

boot-shaped heart

99
Q

Respiratory Causes of Cyanosis in the Newborn

A

RDS, TTN, MAS, PNA, congenital lung disease

100
Q

Cardiac causes of cyanosis in the newborn

A

TGA, TOF, TA, TAPVD, trucus arteriosus, pulmonary atresia, ebstein’s anomaly of teh tricuspid valve

101
Q

Non-resp/cardiac causes of cyanosis in the newborn

A

sepsis, polycythemia, methylhemoglobinemia, meningitis, ICH, drugs, hypothermia, hypoglycemia

102
Q

Hyperoxic test method

A

baseline pO2 in RA then 100% oxygen for 10-15 mins then ABG; failed hyperoxic test: PaO2 < 150 in 100% O2. if > 100, likely lung; 50 - 100: heart or lung, < 50: likely heart

103
Q

Method and reasoning behind pre-post ductal sat

A

Pre duct: R arm and head; post ductal: lower limbs or umbilical artery

104
Q

Bilirubin level where jaundice is visible

A

85 - 120 umol/L

105
Q

Opisthotonos definition

A

seen in kernicterus - tetanic spasm where spine and extremities are bent, back arched body is resting on heads and heels

106
Q

Clinical sx of kernicterus

A

poor sucking, stupor, hypotonia, seizures –> hypertonis, opisthotonus, retrocollis, fever, hypertonia

107
Q

Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

A

TORCH, sepsis, hepatitis, metabolic (alpha1 antitrypsin, galactosemia, hypothyroidism, CF), drugs, TPN, idiopathic, biliary atresia, choledochal cyst

108
Q

MGMT of jaundice

A

phototherapy, IVIG, exchange transfusion

109
Q

Hypoglycemia in infants RF

A

DM, LGA infants (hyperinsulism), prematurity, SGA

110
Q

Sx of hypoglycemia in infants

A

apnea, cyanosis, lethargy, seizures

111
Q

Definition of neonatal hypoglycemia

A

2.6 mmol/L or less

112
Q

MGMT of neonatal hypoglycemia

A

< 2.0 immediately after feeds or < 1.8 mmol/L at 2 hours post feed = IV dextrose; if persistently < 2.6 mmol/L despite multiple feeds = IV dextrose

113
Q

Definition of hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

triad of MAHA, thrombocytopenia, AKI; most common cause of renal failure in pediatric patients; Typical (D+HUS e.coli toxin, assocaited with abdo pain, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea) vs. Atypical (S.pneumo, drugs, collagen disease, genetics)

114
Q

Inv for HUS

A

CBC+diff, Cr, BUN, haptoglobin, LDH. coomb’s, UA

115
Q

MGMT of HUS

A

supportive, dialysis, transfusions, plasmapheresis, do not give antibiotics

116
Q

When to do a rectal temperature?

A

anyone < 3 yo

117
Q

Temperature associated with brain damage

A

> 41.5 degrees celsius

118
Q

Correlation between bacteremia and temperature

A

duration (number of days) vs. actual degrees

119
Q

T or F: child with tactile fevers correlates well with true fever

A

Yes! be sure to do a thorough assessment, ask about antipyretics

120
Q

Pediatric doses of tylenol

A

15 mg/kg q6hrs

121
Q

Pediatric doses of of advil

A

10 mg/kg q8hrs

122
Q

Vital Sign Changes to fever for every 1 degree

A

RR +5 for 1 degree; HR by 10 for 1 degree above 38

123
Q

Normal vital signs for Infant (0 - 6 mo)

A

HR: 100 - 160; RR: 30 - 60; BP: 65 - 90 sBP

124
Q

Normal vital signs for 6 - 12 months

A

HR 100 - 160; RR: 24- 30; sBP 80 - 100

125
Q

Normal vital signs for 1 - 5 yo

A

HR: 70 - 120; RR 20 - 30; sBP: 90 - 110

126
Q

Normal vital signs for 6 - 11 yo

A

HR: 70 - 120; RR: 12 - 20; sBP: 90 - 110

127
Q

DDx for abnormal vital signs after fever correction

A

dehydration, early compensated shock, early sepsis; ask about perfusion, mentation and urine output

128
Q

Difference between fever without a source vs. fever of unknown origin

A

Fever without source: no identifiable source after complete H&P; unknown origin: 2+ weeks of fever without identifiable source despite investigations

129
Q

Types of Serious Bacterial Infections

A

UTI, PNA, bacteremia, meningitis

130
Q

(5) most common sources of fever/infection

A

“LUCAS” - lungs, urine, CNS, abdo, skin

131
Q

UTI RF in pediatric patients

A

< 24 months F; < 24 M uncircumsized, < 6 mo M circumsized, fever for 2+ days, fever > 39 degrees, +hx of UTI

132
Q

T or F; urine dipstick in not toilet-trained kids is accurate

A

F: these patients can be urinating too often and not let the urine incubate

133
Q

Indications for admission for UTI

A

< 2 months, dehydration, sepsis

134
Q

F/u for UTI in < 2 yo

A

outpatient ultrasound to look for vesico-ureteral reflux and structural anomalies

135
Q

Abx of choice for UTI

A

outpt: cephalexin; in hospital: IV amp + gent

136
Q

Signs and Sx of PNA in pediatric patients

A

URTI several days then fever, fever > 5 days, cough > 10 days, temp > 40 degrees, increased WOB, tachypnea, WBC: >20 000

137
Q

Indications for BW in pediatric patients:

A

if patient is well and immunized, no BW needed.

138
Q

FSWU Definition:

A

CBC, blood cx, UA, urine cx, CSF (cell, culture, stain, protein, glucose, viral studies)

139
Q

HSV meningitis indications

A

if meningitis, start IV acyclovir; highest risk if < !4 days old; can cause hepatitis and pneumonitis

140
Q

Low risk criteria for 1 - 3 months febrile infants

A

no obvious source, no complex history, WBC 5 - 15, normal UA, normal stool WBC, normal CXR; if all these criteria met, 1.5 % chance of SBI

141
Q

age group for croup

A

6mo - 3yo

142
Q

Sx for croup

A

stridor, sore throat, seal/barky cough, rhinorrhea, low grade fever, sx worse at night

143
Q

most common pathogen for croup

A

parainfluenza, influenza, RSv, adenovirus

144
Q

invesgtigations for croup

A

clinical, CXR shows steeple sign from subglottic narrowing

145
Q

anatomy involved in croup

A

laryngotracheobronchitis; supglottic laryngitis

146
Q

MGMT for croup

A

stridor at rest = EMERGENCY! no evidence for humidified O2; dexamethasone PO 1 dose, racemic epi, neb 1-3 doses q1-3 hr if unwell/resp distress, intubation if not responding to treatment

147
Q

epiglottitis affected anatomy

A

supraglottic laryngitis

148
Q

pathogens invovled in epiglottitis

A

h.flu, beta hemolytic strep

149
Q

age range for epiglottitis

A

2yo - 6yo

150
Q

sx and signs for epiglottitis

A

very sick!! rapid progressions, 4Ds - drooling, dysphagia, dysphonia, distress; stridor, tripod position,

151
Q

investigation for epiglottitis

A

avoid examining throat to prevent further exacerbation; it is clinical! CXR thumbprint sign

152
Q

MGMT of epiglottitis

A

intubation, antbiotics, Hib vaccine

153
Q

bacterial tracheiitis age

A

all ages!

154
Q

pathogen for bacterial tracheiitis

A

strep, s.aureus, GAS, M catarrhalis

155
Q

sx for bacterial tracheiitis

A

more rapid deterioration than group, high fever, toxic

156
Q

investigation for tracheiitis

A

endoscopy for definitive diagnosis, clinical otherwise

157
Q

anatomy involved for bacterial tracheiitis

A

subglottic tracheitis

158
Q

MGMT for tracheitis

A

Abx, intubation

159
Q

HSP Definition

A

IgA vasculitis seen in ages 4- 6 yo

160
Q

HSP Sx

A

“ARENA” - abdo pain, rash, edema, nephritis, arthritis/arthralgias

161
Q

DDx for HSP

A

DIC, acute abdomen, testicular torsion, systemic vasculitis/rheum, ITP, TTP, HUS, endocarditis, meningococcemia

162
Q

HSP abdo complication

A

intussussception

163
Q

HSP rash distribution

A

lower extremities/pressure dependent areas (gravity)

164
Q

Investigations for HSP

A

CBC, lytes, coag, ESR/CRP, stool guaiac

PGY1 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions