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A&P COM > Pedi Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pedi Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Trust v.s. Mistrust

A

Virtue: hope & Optimism
0-18 months
Trust and faith in environment and with caregivers

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2
Q

Autonomy Vs. Shame & Doubt

A

Virtue: Will use freedom & Self Restraint
18 months- 3 Years
Independence (from parents) & control over behavior & Skills= Autonomy

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3
Q

Initiative Vs. Guilt

A

Virtue: Purpose, ability to start activities & Goals
3-6 Years old
Initiative +Assertive= Sense of purpose

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4
Q

Industry Vs. Inferiority

A

Virtue: Competence in intellectual, social, & Physical skills
6-12 Years old
Feeling competent with social and academic demands

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5
Q

Identity Vs. Isolation

A

Virtue: Fidelity, fitting into the world as own person
12-18 Years old
Sense of self & personal Identity- staying true to yourself

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6
Q

Intimacy Vs. Isolation

A

Virtue: Love, finding & Losing self in others and career
29-40 Years old
Strong relationships (Intimate & Loving)

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7
Q

Generatively Vs. Stagnation

A

Virtue: care guidance and teaching a new generation
40-65 Years old
Feeling of accomplishment and usefulness in family and society

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8
Q

Integrity Vs. Dispair

A

Virtue: Wisdom fulfillment & Satisfaction
65+
Wisdom & fulfillment while reflecting on life

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9
Q

Reflection on life
“Receive a gift”

A

65+ Integrity vs. Dispair

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10
Q

Provide value to household/ society
“Give A gift”

A

40-65
Generatively Vs. Stagnation

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11
Q

Love partners & friends

A

19-40 Intimacy Vs. Isolation

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12
Q

Socializing and fit into peer groups

A

12-18 Identity vs. Role confusion

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13
Q

Good with neighbors, classmates, and friend’s

A

6-12 Industry vs. inferiority

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14
Q

Powerful within family & exploring

A

3-6 Initative Vs. Guilt

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15
Q

Independent from parents

A

18 months- 3
Autonomy Vs. Shame and doubt

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16
Q

Safety with mother / caregiver

A

0-18 months
Trust vs. mistrust

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17
Q

Erikson

A

8 stages of Psychosocial development

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18
Q

Piaget

A

Theory of Cognitive development

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19
Q

Sensorimotor

A

0-2- Infant & Toddler
Thinks in the present moment through the senses
-Not past or future
Object permanence: objects are still there even if you cant see it
-Peekaboo
Teaching: what you are doing while you are doing it

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20
Q

Preoperational Thing

A

3-6 Preschool
Imaginative, symbolic thought
-Magical thinking
-Do not Understand cause & effect
-Scraped knee was caused by earlier misbehavior
-Understands the future & past
Teaching: shortly before- the day of, the morning of, a few hours before

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21
Q

Concrete Operational

A

7-11 Skill Learning
Logical thought, follows rules, rigid thinking
-Only 1 way to do something
-Limited abstract thoughts
Teaching: teach days before including skills like: insulin injections
Tomorrow we will, you will do this every day

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22
Q

Formal Operational

A

12-15 Adolescents- adults learning
developing abstract thought
cause & effect thinking
love, hate, morality
Teaching: like an adult
Med Surge style 12 yrs+can manage their own care
-Report these findings
- if you see this follow up with

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23
Q

Foley catheter insertion for an 18 month old child- how is teaching approached for the patient?

A

Teach what you are doing as you are doing it.
-Sensorimotor 0-2 years old

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24
Q

Foley Catheter insertion for a 4 year old child- How is teaching approached for the patient?

A

Teach the child what you are going to do
-Preoperational thinking 3-6 years old

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25
Q

Which child can the nurse teach bandage placement skills?

A

7 and up
7-11 Concrete Operational

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26
Q

Which child can manage their own care?

A

14 and up
Adolescents- Formal operational
risk taking behavior= non compliance

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27
Q

Gross motor skills

A

those which require whole body movement and which involve the large (core stabilising) muscles of the body to perform everyday functions, such as standing and walking, running and jumping, and sitting upright at the table.

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28
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

the ability to make movements using the small muscles in our hands and wrists. People use fine motor skills to do many school- and work-related tasks.

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29
Q

0-1 month old gross motor skills

A

Head lag- poor head control

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30
Q

2-3 months old gross motor skills

A

-Kicks both legs
-Raises head when prone- less head lag

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31
Q

4-5 Months old gross motor skills

A
  • No more head lag: REPORT IF HEAD LAG IS NOTED
    *5 Month roll front to back
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32
Q

6-9 Months Old Gross Motor Skills

A

-Rolls Back to front
-Sit up unsupported
-Can pull up to standing

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33
Q

Birth weight is doubled by what age

A

6 months old

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34
Q

10-12 months old Gross Motor Skills

A

Prone to sitting position

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35
Q

12 months old Gross motor skills

A

-Sits from standing
-crawls up stairs
-Walks first steps while holding hands

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36
Q

when should birth weight be tripled?

A

12 months old

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37
Q

18 Months old Gross Motor Skills

A

-Walking up/down stairs while holding a hand
-throwing a ball
-Jump in place with both feet

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38
Q

2 years gross motor skills

A

-walks without help
-Runs & kicks ball
-Walks up and down stairs independently 1 step at a time

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39
Q

3 years gross motor skills

A

-Tricycle
-Jumps forward
-Learning balance
-Walks up stairs with alternating feet

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40
Q

4 years old gross motor skills

A

-Skips
-Hops on one foot
-catches a ball 50% of the time
-Climbs & Jumps

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41
Q

6-12 years old thinking

A

Uses logic

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42
Q

12-18 years old thinking

A

Abstract thinking

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43
Q

1 month old fine motor skills

A

-Grasp reflex- 0-3 months
-Babinski reflex- 0-12 months
-Rooting Reflex- 0-4 months
-Tonic- neck reflex 0-4 months
-Maro Reflex- Startle reflex- 0-4

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44
Q

2-3 months Fine motor skills

A

Grasp reflex diminishes

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45
Q

4-5 months fine motor skills

A

-Grabs objects voluntarily (rattle)
-Diminished maro reflex (Startle reflex) , rooting, tonic neck, grasp

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46
Q

6-9 months fine motor skills

A

-6 months holds a big bottle
-7 months- transfers objects from 1 hand to the other

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47
Q

10-12 Months fine motor skills

A
  • 10 months start picking up small finger foods- pincer grasp
    -Grasp a rattle or doll by the arm
    -Transfer objects from hand to hand
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48
Q

12 months fine motor skills

A

-Fully developed 2 finger pincer grasp
-tries to build 2 block towers- unsuccessfully
-Attempts to turn book pages
-Babinski diminished

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49
Q

18 months fine motor skills

A

-Turns 2 pages in a book- uncoordinated
-Holds Cup and spoon
-Builds 4 block towers
-Uses Fat crayons

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50
Q

2 years old fine motor skills

A

-Builds a tower with 7 blocks
-Turns 1 page at a time in a book
-Draws vertical lines
-Open doors by turning knobs

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51
Q

3 years old fine motor skills

A

-Draws circles
-Spoon feeds self
-Undresses self
-Holds crayon with fingers instead of fist
-Uses scissors
-Zips up zippers

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52
Q

4 year old fine motor skills

A

-Draws 4 sided shapes
-Can pour drinks & make food

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53
Q

1 month old language

A

-Responds to touch & voices
-Sensory motor communication
-Nonverbal communication

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54
Q

2-3 months old language

A

-Responds to touch and voices
-Able to make sounds with mouth

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55
Q

4-5 months old language

A

-Mimics sounds heard
-Able to change cry tone to different needs

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56
Q

6-9 Months old language

A

-Babbling words- MAMA/DADA
NOT BABBLING- by 9 months REPORT TO HCP
-Responds to name

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57
Q

10-12 Months old Language

A

-Able to make a variety of sounds
-Minims gestures
-Understands simple words- yes/ no
-Says Mama/ dada with meaning

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58
Q

12 months old language

A

-3-5 words
-nonverbal gestures (waving, head nodding)

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59
Q

18 months old Language

A

10+ words
-Follows commands
“do not touch that”
-Uses gestures to show what they want

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60
Q

2 years old language

A

-Says own name
-300+ words
-2-3 word sentences
-Identifies pictures with names

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61
Q

3 Years old language

A

-3/4 word sentences
-asks why a lot
-knows age
-follows more complex instructions

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62
Q

4 years old language

A

-able to tell stories
-can memorize the alphabet and numbers

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63
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 1 month old

A

-Finds safety with caregiver and looks at face

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64
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 2-3 months old

A

-Smiles and coos when seeing a familiar face

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65
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 4-5 month old

A

-Soothed by caregivers voice
-Copies expressions
-Cries when doesn’t get their way

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66
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 6-9 months old

A

-Identifies faces and strangers
Separation anxiety

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67
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 10-12 Months old

A

Vocalization and speech
(talking toys and blocks
-Purposeful play
building, sorting, stacking

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68
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 12 months old

A

shy: stranger danger
-Can follow short simple directions
-Searches for hidden objects
-Object permanence

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69
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of18 months old

A

-Angry Baby: temper and ownership
“mine”
-Parallel play 1-3 years old

70
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 2 year old

A

-Toilet training
-Toddlers by age
-Two years old
-Gains independence

71
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 3 year old

A

-Associative play 3-6 years
-Unorganized play without goals or rules
-Imaginary frients & symbolic play
-No coipition

72
Q

Social/ cognitive skills of 4 year old

A

-Imaginary play: dress up & tea party
-Plays with other children rather than alone

73
Q

Traditional Nuclear Family

A

Married couple and their biological children
-Only full brothers and sisters

74
Q

Nuclear Family

A

Two parents and their children
-Biologic, adoptive, step, foster

75
Q

Blended family/ reconstituted

A

at least one stepparent, sibling, or half sibling

76
Q

Extended family

A

at-least one parent, one or more children, and other individuals
-might not be related

77
Q

Gay-Lesbian Family

A

two members of the same sex who have children and a legal or common-law tie

78
Q

Foster Family

A

a child or children who have been placed in an approved living environment away from the family of origin
- Usually with one or two parents

79
Q

Binuclear family

A

parents who have terminated spousal roles but continue their parenting roles

80
Q

Communal family

A

individuals who share common ownership of property and goods and exchange services without monetary consideration

81
Q

Dictatorial/ Authoritarian Parenting

A

parents try to control the child’s behaviors and attitudes through unquestioned rules and expectations

82
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

Parents exert little or no control over the child’s behaviors, and consult the child when making decisions

83
Q

democratic/ Authoritative Parenting

A

parents direct the child’s behavior by setting rules and explaining the reason for each rule setting
-Parents negatively reinforce deviations from the rules

84
Q

Passive parenting

A

Parents are uninvolved, indifferent and emotionally removed

85
Q

The child assists with deciding whether they will watch TV

A

Permissive Parenting

86
Q

The child may watch TV whenever they want

A

Passive parenting

87
Q

The child is never allowed to watch TV on school nights

A

Dictatorial or authoritarian parenting

88
Q

The privilege is taken away but later reinstated based on new guidelines

A

Democratic/ authoritative parenting

89
Q

the child can watch tv for 1 hour on school nights after completing all homework and chores

A

Democratic/ authoritative parenting

90
Q

My child knows that he better do what I say

A

Authoritarian parenting

91
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close

A

8 weeks of age

92
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close

A

12-18 months

93
Q

Infant expected BP

A

65-78/ 41-52

94
Q

1 Year Expected BP

A

80-114/ 34-67

95
Q

3Year Expected BP

A

86-120/ 44-76

96
Q

6 Year Expected BP

A

91/125/ 53-84

97
Q

10 Year Expected BP

A

97-130/ 58-90

98
Q

16Year Expected BP

A

108-145/ 63-94

99
Q

How many teeth should an infant have by 1 year of age

A

6-8 teeth

100
Q

How many permanent teeth are there

A

32

101
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there

A

20

102
Q

Sucking and rooting reflex

A

0-4 months
-Elicited by stroking an infant’s cheek or the edge of an infant’s mouth
-The infant turns head toward the side that is touched and starts to suck

103
Q

Palmar Grasp

A

-0-4 months
-Elicited by placing an object in an infant’s palm
the infant grasps the object

104
Q

Plantar Grasp

A

-0-8 months
-Elicited by touching the sole of an infants foot
-The infant’s toes curl downward

105
Q

Maro Reflex

A

-0-6 months
-Startle reflex
-elicited by allowing the head and trunk of an infant in a semi-sitting position to fall backwards to an angle of at least 30 degrees
- the infant’s arms and legs symmetrically extend then abduct while the fingers spread to form a c shape

106
Q

Tonic neck teflexion

A

-Fencer position
-0- 3/4 months
-Elicited by turning an infants head to one side
-the infant extends the arm and leg on that side and flexes the arm and leg on the opposite side

107
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

-0-12 months
-Elicited by stroking the outer edge of the sole of an infants foot up toward the toes
- The infant’s toes fan upward and out

108
Q

Stepping

A

0- 4 weeks
-Elicited by stroking the outer edge of the sole of an infant’s foot up toward the toes
-The infant makes stepping movements

109
Q

What is the average head circumference fr a newborn

A

33- 35 cm/ 13-14 inches

110
Q

What is the average crown to rump length of a newborn

A

31-35 cm/ 12.5-14 in.
Approximately equal to head circumference

111
Q

What is the average newborn length

A

48053 cm./ 19-21 in.

112
Q

What is the average weight of a newborn

A

2700-4000 g/ 6-9 lbs

113
Q

How much weight does a newborn loose after birth? When does the baby regain enough weight to reach their birth weight?

A

-Newborn will lose up to 10% of their birth weight by 3-4 days of age.
-Birth weight is usually regained by the 10-14 day of life depending on the feeding method used.

114
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

by 2-3 months of age

115
Q

when does the anterior fontanel close?

A

by 12-18 months of age

116
Q

What is the average weight gain of a new born?

A

-680 g / 1.5 lb / month for the first 5 months
-Birth weight should be doubled by 6 months
-Birth weight should be tripled by 1 year

117
Q

What is the average height growth of a newborn.

A

-2.5 cm. / 1in. per month
for the first 6 months
-Growth occurs in spurts after the age of 6 months
-Birth length doubles by 12 months.

118
Q

What is the average head circumference growth of a newborn?

A

-Approximately 2 cm. (.75 in.) per month during the first 3 months.
-1 cm. (0.4 in.) per month from 4-6
-Approx. 0.5 cm (0.2 in) per month during the second 6 months

119
Q

How many teeth should a child have by age 12 months?

A

6-8 teeth

120
Q

When does a Childs first teeth typically erupt

A

between 6-10 months
average age 10 months

121
Q

What indications occur to indicate teething?

A

-Sometimes minimal
-sucking/ biting on their fingers/ hand/ objects
-Drooling
-Irritable
-Difficulty sleeping
-Mild fever
-Rub their ears
-Decreased appetite for solid foods

122
Q

What can be done to ease teething pain?

A

-frozen teething rings/ ice cube wrapped in a wash cloth
-OTC teething gels
-Acetaminophen and/ or ibuprofen

123
Q

What considerations should be taken when giving acetaminophen/ IBU for teething pain

A

-Can alternate them every 3 hr.
-should not be used for more than 3 days
-infants should be older than 6 month before taking IBU

124
Q

Piaget’s theory suggests that infants experience what cognitive development from birth- 24 months?

A

Infants progress from
- reflexive to
- simple repetitive to
- imitative activities

125
Q

What are the three important task accomplished in Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage

A

-0- 24 months
-Separation
-Object permanence
-Mental representation

126
Q

What is separation as described by Piaget?

A

Infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in the environment.

127
Q

What is object permanence as described by Piaget? When does it occur?

A

The process by which infants learn that an object still exists when it is out of view.
-Occurs approximately 9-10 months

128
Q

What is Mental representation as described by Piaget?

A

The ability to recognize and use symbols

129
Q

How much does an infant cry?

A

1-1.5 hr.
Until 3 weeks of age

130
Q

How much does an infant cry from 3- 6 weeks?

A

they build up to 2-4 hrs

131
Q

When does an infant decrease in crying?

A

By 12 weeks

132
Q

When does cooing noises begin?

A

By 3-4 Months

133
Q

When does an infant show considerable interest in the environment

A

by 3 months

134
Q

when does an infant laugh and squeal?

A

4 months

135
Q

When does an infant comprehend the word no?

A

by 9-10 months and obeys single commands accompanied by gestures

136
Q

What is erikson’s theory on infants 0-12 months

A

trust vs. mistrust

137
Q

What is achieved in erikson’s trust vs. mistrust

A

-It is based on the quality of the caregiver- infant relationship and the care received by the infant.

138
Q

What does an infant learn during trust/ mistrust

A

Delayed Gratification

139
Q

How is trust developed

A

by meeting comfort, feeding, stimulation and caring Needs

140
Q

How is mistrust developed?

A

If needs are inadequately or inconsistently met, or if needs are continuously met before being vocalized by the infant

141
Q

When does separation anxiety begin in an infant

A

4-8 months
Infants will protest when separated from parents

142
Q

When does infants become able to anticipate the mothers imminent departure

A

12 months

143
Q

When does stranger fear become evident

A

between 6-8 months
when infants hae the ability to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people

144
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

results from maladaptive or absent attachment between the infant and primary caregiver and continues through childhood and adulthood.

145
Q

What are age appropriate activities for an infant?

A

interpersonal contact and educational stimulation

-rattles, soft stuffed toys, teething toys, nesting toys, playing pat-a-cake, playing ball, reading books, mirrors, brightly colored toys, playing with blocks

146
Q

Carseat rules for infants

A

–45 degree angle to prevent slumping and airway obstruction
-Rear facing
-Shoulder harnesses placed in the slots at or below the level of the infants shoulders
-Retainer clip placed at the level of the infants armpit.

147
Q

When should an infant return for a check up post discharge?

A

within 72 hrs. especially important for breastfed newborns to evaluate weight and hydration status

148
Q

What immunizations are given at birth

A

Hep B

149
Q

What immunizations are given at 2 months

A

DTaP, RV, IPV, Hib, PCV, Hep B

150
Q

What Immunizations are given at 4 months

A

DTap, RV, IPV,Hib, PCV

151
Q

What Immunizations are given at 6 months

A

DTap, RV,PCV,RV,Hib
HepB & IPV 6-18 months

152
Q

What immunizations are given between 6-12 months

A

a seasonal influenza

153
Q

Breast-feeding nutrition recommendations

A

-provides complete diet for first 6 months
-Vitamin D supplements recommended to be started within first few days of life to prevent rickets and vit. D deficiency
-Iron supplements are recommended fr infants exclusively breastfeeding after age 4 months

154
Q

When should fruit juice be introduced?

A

after 6 months

155
Q

When should solids be introduced

A

around 6 months

156
Q

How should foods be introduced?

A

One at a time over a 5-7 day period to observe for manifestations of allergy intolerance
-which include fussiness, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation

157
Q

What foods should be started first?

A

fruits & veggie between 6-8 months after bth have been introduced meats may be added

158
Q

When are table foods appropriate

A

by age 1 cooked well, chopped, and unseasoned

159
Q

When are nocturnal sleep patterns established

A

By 3-4 months

160
Q

How many hours do infants sleep

A

Daily- 14-15 hrs
Night- 9-11 at the age of 4 months

161
Q

How much sleep does an infant have by the age of 12 months

A

through the night and one to two Naps through the day

162
Q

How to avoid aspiration of foreign objects

A

-hold the infant for feedings/ do not prop bottles
-Avoid small objects
-Clothing should be checked for safety hazards

163
Q

How to avoid bodily harm for infants

A

-Keep sharp objects out of reach
-Anchor heavy objects
-Don’t leave infants unattended with any animals present

164
Q

What temperature should the hot water heater be sat at?

A

120 degrees farenheight

165
Q

How long should infants remain in a rear facing carseat?

A

2 years or the height recommended by the manufacture

166
Q

What are the requirements on crib slats

A

should be no further apart than 6 cm.

167
Q

When should crib mobiles and crib gyms be removed?

A

4-5 months of age

168
Q

What physical development occurs between the ages of 1-3

A

-anterior fontanels close by 18 months
-Weight: by 30 months toddlers should weigh four times BW
-Height: toddlers grow about 3 in per year
-Head Circumference: usually equal to chest circumference by 1-2 years of age.

169
Q

preoperational stage

A

around 2 years of age

170
Q

What occurs during the preoperational stage?

A

-Object performance becomes fully developed
-Toddlers have memories of events that relate to them
-Mimicry (playing house) is evident
-Dont understand others viewpoints

171
Q

Erikson psychosocial development for toddlers

A

autonomy verses shame and doubt

A&P COM (3 decks)

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