PED

Question 1

AAS (2)

Answer 1

Anabolic Androgenic steroids:

modified steroids to allow for desired results (keep anabolic effect + reduce androgenic effect)

Question 2

How do you increase the no. of RBC’s?

Answer 2

EPO - erythropoietin (blood doping)

Question 3

EPO background (4)

Answer 3

• Erythropoietin - a glycoprotein hormone
• Promotes red blood cell production
• Naturally made in kidneys
• In clinic to treat anemia
  Chronic kidney disease,
  Cancer chemotherapy,
  HIV therapy

Question 4

Who is using anabolic steroids? (3)

Answer 4

Sprinters/runners, bodybuilders, athletics

Question 5

AAS is associated w/ xyz when used to just gain strength + inc. size (3)

Answer 5

Associated with increased aggression, violence, criminality etc

Question 6

How are anabolic steroids taken? (4)

Answer 6

in the form of

tablets: 2 tabs/ day for period of usage (in cycles of 2-3months, break for 4mnths and then new cycle)

injectables: intramuscular = forms oily depot in the muscle = steroid released for a long time several days-wks)

Question 7

What are the desirable effects of AAS? (4)

Answer 7

§ Increased muscular mass

§ Increased muscular strength

§ Increased energy

§ Increased self-esteem

Question 8

what are the physical effects of anabolic steroids? (5)

Answer 8

§ Gynecomastia
§ Baldness
§ Striae
§ Testicular atrophy
§ Cardiovascular diseases

Question 9

Common steroids on the market from T (3)

Answer 9

T

Nandrolone (-1methyl group)

Methandrostenolone (+ double bond = inc. muscular effect + affinity for androgen r)

Stanozolol (milder)

Question 10

T metabolism in 2 ways (2)

Answer 10

1) 5 alpha reductase = DHT (more potent)

2) aromatase = oestrogen (more feminine effects)

Question 11

Testosterone vs. nandrolone – steroid metabolism (n benefits) (3)

Answer 11

1) T undergoes both met.

2) N uses both but:
- e2 = 5% less effective in generating it = reduced side effects
- creates DHnandrolone metabolite too = inactive: theres no 5 alpha in muscles = no androgenic effects in muscles (DHN), just prostate (DHT)

Question 12

What aspects do you need to conserve of AAS?

Answer 12

D ring: if oxidised = lose activity

Question 13

T administration modification for conservation of effects (2)

Answer 13

injections: need to modify by adding affinity acid chain w/ ester link + long C side chain = oily depot

orally: need to protect hydroxy group to avoid liver metab. of it = add methyl group next to hydroxyl

Question 14

Estrogen + progest mixed contraceptive protection of hydroxyl: (3)

Answer 14

to protect hydroxl group: add ethynyl group = ethinylestrodiol

all contraceptives will have this

if used locally (cream) - no need for ethynyl group

Question 15

Oral steroids – so called 17a-alkylated steroids (2)

Answer 15

all have methyl group added except

Methenolone (probs wont be oxidised in liver metab)

Question 16

After 12wks of usage of AAS what happens? and What else is recc. to reduce this? (3)

Answer 16

after 12wks: T + FHS + LH depleted + not produced = sterile

hCG (like FSH/LH) given to help kickstart T stim. + production

Beside steroids and HCG, substances reducing side effects are recommended

Question 17

How do you avoid oestrogenic effects from AAS/T? (2)

Answer 17

Oestrogen antagonist s

Aromatase inhibitors

Question 18

Different Ester +’s and -‘s (2)

Answer 18

long esters = slower to get out into bloodstream but will last longer

short esters = quicker into bloodstream but finishes quicker

Question 19

Androgen r’s (3)

Answer 19

intracellular r

3 domains: Ligand binding, DNA binding + n terminal

they dimerise = interlocking steroid = so it stays for along time

Question 20

CVD’s:

Answer 20

left ventricular hypertrophy: left ventricle muscle grows + thickens so much = blood cannot pump through = clotting = Heart will work harder = attack = die

Question 21

Testicular atrophy

Answer 21

HPG axis: AAS starts -ve feedback = shutdown HPG = no sperm production = sterile

Question 22

What else usually gets used alongside AAS? (8)

Answer 22

§ Anti-estrogens
§ Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
§ Stimulants
§ Analgesics
§ b2-agonists
§ Diuretics
§ Human growth hormone (hGH)
§ IGF-1

Question 23

Can anabolic steroids cause dependence? 4 factors to consider (4)

Answer 23

§ Drug dependence – DSM 5:

§ Effects on the brain reward system:
– Endorphins, dopamine, GABA etc.

§ Depression

§ Link bw anabolic steroids and opiate addiction

Question 24

DSM5 rewritten for AAS

Answer 24

withdrawal symptoms - finds that yes you can get dependent

Question 25

Effects on the brain reward system

Answer 25

in a way all these systems can be affected by AAS - some kind of DA increase over more time + sensitising the system

Question 26

depression:

Answer 26

stop using AAS : HPG axis is totally messed up - so need to restore that to come back to normal

Question 27

Euphoria (2)

Answer 27

cant measure

likely to be placebo - knowing the effect of what is to come

Question 28

The effect of AAS on alcohol intake (2)

Answer 28

AAS desensitised the drug reward system

more alc preference than control - gets out of hand/ loss control - no less water/not more thirsty just drink more - mice

Question 29

Aggression and violence? (3)

Answer 29

Aggression (verbal, anger etc): defensive- Amgy. heighted , increased competition

Acts of violence - criminality

AAS has an effect on the CNS - less anxious

Question 30

Link bw anabolic steroids and opiate
addiction