Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles

Question 1

What are the components of the Pectoral Girdle ?

Answer 1

Scapula and Clavicle

Question 2

What are the functions of the Pectoral Girdle ?

Answer 2

1. Attaches upper limb to the axial skeleton

2. Augments free movement of the limb (incl. by providing muscle attachment)

Question 3

What are the components of the Pelvic Girdle ?

Answer 3

Hip Bone (Ischium, Ilium, Pubis), sacrum, coccyx

Question 4

What are the functions of the Pelvic Girdle ?

Answer 4

1. Attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
2. Provides almost rigid, complete ring (for weight bearing and childbirth)
3. Provides muscle attachment for limb movement

Question 5

What are the main functions of the clavicle ?

Answer 5

1. Increases mobility (holds limbs away from trunk)

2. Transmits forces from upper limb to trunk

Question 6

Describe the structure of each end of the clavicle + what they articulate with.

Answer 6

Lateral end - flat, articulates with acromion

Medial end - quadrangular, articulates with manubrium of sternum

Question 7

What is the shape of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle ?

Answer 7

Medial 1/3 is rounded and convex anteriorly

Question 8

What is the location of the scapula ?

Answer 8

On the postolateral aspect of the thorax

Question 9

How is the scapula held in position ?

Answer 9

By the clavicle

Question 10

What is the position of the scapula relative to adjacent ribs ?

Answer 10

Overlying the 2nd (superior angle) -7th ribs (inferior angle)

Question 11

How many margins does the scapula have ? What are the margins of the scapula called ?

Answer 11

Three

Superior, Medial, Lateral margins

Question 12

What are the functions of the supra and infraglenoid tubercles ?

Answer 12

Providing attachment for the long heads of the biceps and triceps respectively

Question 13

What is the function of the glenoid fossa ?

Answer 13

Articulation with the humerus

Question 14

What is the joint linking pectoral girdle and the body/the only point of attachment of limbs and axial skeleton ?

Answer 14

Sternoclavicular joint

Question 15

What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint ?

Answer 15

Saddle joint

Question 16

What are the characteristic structures of the sternoclavicular joint ?

Answer 16

Joint capsule

Intra-articular disc (attached to the clavicle, manubrium and the capsule)

Question 17

Which structures strengthen the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint ?

Answer 17

Ligaments anteriorly and posteriorly + interclavicular and costoclavicular ligaments

Question 18

What is impingement syndrome ?

Answer 18

Supraspinatus injury or bursitis developping due to arthritis in adjacent joints and repetitive strain injury (affecting acromioclavicular joint)

Question 19

What kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint ?

Answer 19

Gliding (=plane) joint

Question 20

Which structure strengthen the capsule of the acromioclavicular joint ?

Answer 20

Coraco-acromial ligament

Question 21

Which structures support the acromioclavicular joint as a whole ?

Answer 21

The conoid and trapezoid parts of the coraco-clavicular ligament

Question 22

Where is the gateway for the pectoral girdle to the upper limb ?

Answer 22

Between the clavicle, superior edge of scapula, and the 1st rib

Question 23

What goes through the gateway for the pectoral girdle to the upper limb ?

Answer 23

Subclavian vessels and the trunks of the brachial nerve plexus passes to the axilla

Question 24

What bones make up the hip bone ?

Answer 24

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

Question 25

Which joint joins hip bones and sacrum (sacrum ?

Answer 25

Sacro-iliac joint

Question 26

What structure seperate the three bones of the hip bone ? Is it visible ?

Answer 26

Tri-radiate cartilage (visible radiologically)

Question 27

Where do the hip bones articulate with each other ?

Answer 27

At the pubic symphysis

Question 28

What is the level of the the highest point of the iliac crest ?

Answer 28

L4

Question 29

The anterior superior iliac spine is on the same coronal plane as which other structures ?

Answer 29

Pubic tubercle and pubic crest

Question 30

What kind of joint is the pubic symphysis ? Where is is present ?

Answer 30

``` Secondary cartilaginous (=fibrocartilage) joint Between the left and right pubic bodies ```

Question 31

Which structures support the pubic symphysis joint ?

Answer 31

Superior and arcuate ligaments

Question 32

What is the function of the pubic symphysis ?

Answer 32

Limited movement | Shock absorption

Question 33

What kind of joint is the sacro-iliac joint ? What structures support it ?

Answer 33

Synovial anteriorly and supported by the Anterior sacro-iliac ligament Fibrous posteriorly and supported by the Posterior sacro-iliac and Interosseous ligaments

Question 34

What is the function of the sacro-iliac joint ?

Answer 34

Weight Transfer | Very limited movement

Question 35

What structures support the sacro-iliac joint ? Which other function do they have ?

Answer 35

Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberous ligaments Preventing the sacrum tilting forwards Convert the sciatic notches into Greater and Lesser sciatic foramina for the passage of nerves and vessels

Question 36

What are the main gateways for pelvic girdle ?

Answer 36

Sciatic Nerve and Gluteal Neurovascular Bundle Obturator Neurovascular Bundle Femoral Neurovascular Bundle Internal Pudendal Neurovascular Bundle

Question 37

Where are the different neurovascular bundles located relative to the body ?

Answer 37

Femoral nerve and vessels ANTERIORLY Branches of the Obturator nerve and vessels located medially Sciatic nerve (with posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and inferior gluteal vessels adjacent) located posteriorly

Question 38

What is the positional relation between sciatic nerve and gluteal region ?

Answer 38

Sciatic nerve emerges into the gluteal region inferior to piriformis muscle and midway between ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter

Question 39

What is the safe area for intramuscular (intragluteal) injections in the gluteal region ?

Answer 39

Upper, outer quadrant

Question 40

What are possible movements of the pectoral girdle ?

Answer 40

1. Elevation and depression 2. Protraction and retraction 3. Rotation of scapula (abduction of the arm, so glenoid fossa fasses upward or downward)

Question 41

What are the main muscles responsible for movement of the pectoral girdle ? How does each muscle aid specifically ?

Answer 41

Serratus Anterior Trapezius - Upper fibres 􏰁 turn the glenoid fossa upwards (“wing-nut” effect), assisting serratus anterior in full abduction of the upper limb Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Major and Minor - Scapular retraction; Stabilises scapula (with serratus anterior) Pectoralis minor - Stabilises the scapula by holding it down and against the thoracic wall Subclavius - Anchors clavicle

Question 42

What is the origin and insertion of the serratus anterior ?

Answer 42

Origin: External surfaces of lateral parts of 1st–8th ribs Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Question 43

What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius ?

Answer 43

Origin: Medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of and supraspinous ligaments between C7–T12 vertebrae Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Question 44

What is the origin and insertion of the pectoralis minor ?

Answer 44

Origin: 3rd–5th ribs near their costal cartilages Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Question 45

What is the origin and insertion of the subclavius ?

Answer 45

Origin: Junction of 1st rib and its costal cartilage Insertion: Inferior surface of middle third of clavicle

Question 46

What is the origin and insertion of the levator scapulae ?

Answer 46

Origin: Posterior aspect of transverse processes of C1–C4 vertebrae Insertion: Medial border of scapula, superior to root of spine

Question 47

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboid major ?

Answer 47

Origin: Spinous processes of T2–T5 vertebrae Insertion: Medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Question 48

What is the origin and insertion of the rhomboid minor ?

Answer 48

Origin: Nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7 and T1 vertebrae Insertion: Triangular area at medial end of scapular spine

Question 49

What is the nerve supply of each muscle responsible for movement in the pectoral girdle ?

Answer 49

Trapezius- Spinal accessory nerve Pectoralis minor- Medial pectoral nerve (C8-T1) Rhomboid minor and major - Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5) Levator scapulae- Dorsal scapular (C4-5) & Anterior rami of C3-4 Serratus anterior- Long thoracic nerve (C5-6-7) (the nerve remains superficial to the muscle)

Question 50

What is the role of the pelvic girdle in mobility ?

Answer 50

Pelvic girdle immobile BUT provides attachment for muscles involved in hip joint movement and stabilisation

Question 51

Which structures are moving when one is walking ?

Answer 51

Extension of the hip (when standing from sitting down in general) Muscles abduct the hip (keep the pelvis level when walking; the neck of the femur is essential for the function of these muscles) Femur rotates at the hip

Question 52

What is the position of the serratus anterior relative to nearby structures ?

Answer 52

Wraps around thorax from ribs 1 to 8 to the medial border of the scapula

Question 53

What is the relation between serratus anterior and the axilla ?

Answer 53

􏰀Serratus anterior forms medial wall of axilla