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MD2002 > Intro to Limbs > Flashcards

Intro to Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of upper and lower limbs respectively ?

A

Upper limbs : Movement (levers)

Lower limbs : Locomotion + supporting body weight

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2
Q

What are the palpable landmarks of upper limbs ?

A

Clavicle, acromion, greater and less tubercles of hemerus, spine of scapula and acromion, olecranon of ulna, coracoid process, lateral and medial epicondyle, radial and ulnar sytloid

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3
Q

What are the palpable landmarks of lower limbs ?

A

Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine, greater trochanter of femur, lateral and medial condyles of femur, patella, lateral (fibula) and medial (tibia) malleolus, calcaneus

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4
Q

What is meant by origin of muscle ? Does it move or remain fixed during contraction ?

A

Proximal end of the muscle, which remains fixed during muscular contraction

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5
Q

What is meant by insertion of muscle ? Does it move or remain fixed during contraction ?

A

The distal end of the muscle, which is movable

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6
Q

In contraction, which of origin or insertion usually comes closer to the other one ?

A

Insertion usually comes close to origin but some muscles can shorten in both directions under different circumstances

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7
Q

What are the kinds of muscle contraction ?

A 
Isometric contraction (size of muscle stays the same but tone increases)
Isotonic contraction (size of muscle shortens but tone stays the same)
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8
Q

What are the different kinds of isotonic contractions ?

A

Concentric contraction: Muscle contracts according to the sliding filament mechanism and shortens

Eccentric contraction:the muscle elongates while under tension due to an opposing force greater than the muscle generates (braking force in opposition to a concentric contraction to prevent injury)

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9
Q

What are the different kinds of muscle when a movement is performed ?

A

Prime mover: Muscle(s) that play the primary role in moving a body part

Agonist: Muscle(s) that acts directly to produce a desired movement

Synergist muscles: Muscle(s) which prevent unwanted movements associated with the action of the prime movers

Antagonistic muscles: Muscle(s) which directly oppose a movement

Fixating muscles: Muscle(s) that provide the necessary support to assist in holding the rest of the body in place while the movement occurs

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10
Q

Where is the superficial fascia located ? What is the main content of superficial fascia ?

A

Right under skin

Adipose tissue

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11
Q

What is the main content of the deep (investing) fascia ? What is the function of the investing fascia ?

A

Muscles

Ensheath muscle therefore facilitating contraction and providing a barrier between muscles (through septae)
Creates passages for nerves and vessels (in the potential spaces formed by the septae)
Creates attachment for muscles (by forming interosseous membranes)
Holds tendons in place (by forming retinaculae)

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12
Q

What is a problem associated with the potential spaces in which nerves and vessels are found ?

A

They are potential tracks for infection spread and blood loss

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13
Q

What is compartment syndrome ?

A

Injury to the muscle within a tough compartment causing swelling and increased pressure that compresses the neurovascular bundles

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14
Q

What compartments are divided in the arm ? In the forearm ? How are they divided in each ?

A

Extensor and Flexor through Intermuscular septae

Extensor and Flexor through Interosseous membrane

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15
Q

What is the carpal tunnel syndrome ?

A

“Condition in which the median nerve is squeezed where it passes through the wrist”

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16
Q

How is the deep fascia of the lower limb different from that of the upper limb ?

A

It is thicker in the lower limb

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17
Q

What is the name of the deep fascia of the lower limb ?

A

Fascia lata

18
Q

What are the lateral thickenings of the fascia lata called ? What compartments are divided in the thigh ? How are they divided ?

A

Iliotibial Tract

Extensor (anterior), flexor (posterior) and adductor (medial) through intermuscular septae

19
Q

What is the name of the continuation of the fascia lata in the leg ?

A

Crural fascia

20
Q

What compartments are divided in the leg ? How are they divided ?

A

2 posterior (superficial and deep flexors), anterior (extensor), and lateral (peroneal) compartments

Through interosseous membrane formed by the fusion of crural fascia with the tibia

21
Q

What is a dermatome ?

A

Strip of skin supplied by 1 spinal nerve

22
Q

What is a myotome ?

A

Muscle or group of skeletal muscles supplied by 1 spinal nerve

23
Q

What is the initial orientation of upper and lower limbs in utero before rotation ?

A

Both the thumb and hallux (big toe) are on the cranial side of each limb, and both the palm and sole face anteriorly

24
Q

How do upper limbs rotate ?

A

Laterally from its in-utero position:

  • Thumb moves from medial to lateral
  • Flexor muscle groups move to an anterior position
  • Extensors move to a posterior position
  • Corresponding dermatomes also rotate
25
Q

How do lower limbs rotate ?

A

Medially from its in-utero position:

  • Hallux moves from lateral to medial
  • Flexor muscle groups move from an anterior to a posterior position
  • Extensors move to an anterior position
  • Corresponding dermatomes also rotate
26
Q

Where do spinal nerves emerge relative to respective vertebrae ?

A
  • C1 to C7 spinal nerves above respective vertebrae
  • C8 spinal nerve below C7 vertebra
  • T1 and all other nerves below respective vertebrae
27
Q

Do vertebral spinal nerves form plexuses ? Dorsal spinal nerves ?

A

Yes.

No.

28
Q

How are the upper limbs innervated and where is the plexus located ?

A

Brachial plexus in the axilla
Anterior rami of C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 leading to the musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, axillary nerve, and ulnar nerve

29
Q

How are the lower limbs innervated and where it the plexus located ?

A

Lumbo-Sacral plexus, within psoas major muscle on the posterior abdominal wall, and on the lateral wall of the pelvis
Anterior rami of L1 to L5 and S1 to 3

30
Q

What is the main arterial blood supply of upper and lower limbs ?

A

Upper limbs: Subclavian

Lower limbs: External Iliac

31
Q

What is the veinous drainage of the upper limbs ?

A 
Basilic & cephalic (from palmar and dorsal venous networks), median cubital veins (superficial) 
Deep veins (same name as arteries they accompany)
32
Q

Which fascia are superficial veins found in?

A

Superficial fascia

33
Q

Which kind of veins does phlebotomy happen on ?

A

Superficial veins

34
Q

What is the veinous drainage of the lower limbs ?

A

Great and small saphenous veins (superficial), draining to deep veins (named after corresponding arteries) via perforators

35
Q

Why are connections between deep and superficial veins more important in lower than in upper limbs ?

A

Because circulation occurs against gravity

36
Q

What are some factors which aid veinous drainage against gravity ?

A

The muscle pump, arterial pulsation, negative intrathoracic pressure and valves in veins

37
Q

How does lymph drainage of the upper limb occur ?

A

Axillary Lymph Nodes, receive all lymph from the upper limb and majority of the the breast
􏰀Lymph vessels follow the superficial or deep veins
􏰀Drain to the Subclavian Lymph Trunk

38
Q

How does lymph drainage of the lower limb occur ?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes and Iliac nodes

Lymph vessels following superficial and deep systems converge to said nodes

39
Q

Which of the lower limb nodes are palpable ? Which are not ?

A

Palpable: Superficial inguinal

Not palpable: Iliac; deep inguinal

40
Q

Describe the embryological development of limbs.

A
  • Week 4 of development, specialized cells migrate from the somites and the lateral plate mesoderm
  • Limb buds form where the arms and legs will develop

MD2002 (77 decks)

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