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MD2002 > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis take place ?

A

Cytoplasm of the cell

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2
Q

Which ring structure does glucose usually form ?

How many membered-ring is that ?

A

Pyranose

6-membered ring

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3
Q

Which ring structure does fructose usually form ?

How many membered-ring is that ?

A

Furanose

5-membered ring

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4
Q

What is the starting and end product of glycolysis ?

A

Glucose

Pyruvate

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5
Q

What is the name of each big step of glycolysis ?

What is the acronym for it ?

A 
Phosphorylation
Isomerisation
Cleavage + Isomerisation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Transfer of Phosphate
Molecular Rearrangement
Dehydration
Transfer of Phosphate

PICOT MDT

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6
Q

How is the glucose used in glycolysis brought into the cell ?

A

By a transporter

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7
Q

Describe the main features of the first step of glycolysis.

A

PHOSPHORYLATION

  • In 6th carbon (Glucose to Glucose-6-P)
  • Consumes ATP (ATP –> ADP)
  • Traps glucose inside the cell (ionised)
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8
Q

Describe the main features of the second step of glycolysis.

A

ISOMERISATION

  • Glucose-6-P converted to fructose-6-P
  • Enzyme used (no ATP needed)
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9
Q

Describe the main features of the third step of glycolysis.

A

PHOSPHORYLATION

  • Fructose 6-P to Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  • Consumes ATP (ATP –> ADP)
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10
Q

Describe the main features of the fourth step of glycolysis.

A

CLEAVAGE + ISOMERISATION

  • Fructose 1,6-biphosphate converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P and dihydroxyacetone-P
  • dihydroxyacetone-P converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P
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11
Q

Describe the main features of the fifth step of glycolysis.

A

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

  • glyceraldehyde-3-P converted to 1, 3- biphosphoglycerate
  • Phosphorylation occurs thanks to phosphate in the cytosol (not phosphate from ATP)
  • Hydrogen and electrons from glyceraldehyde-3-P passed to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ to NADH)
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12
Q

What are the constituents of NADP/NAD ?

A

Nicotinamide, ribose, adenine, ribose

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13
Q

What molecule provides the nicotinamide part of the NAD+ molecule ? Do we get it in the diet or can we synthesise it ?

A 
Vitamin B3 (niacin) 
In diet
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14
Q

What condition is a possible consequence of lack of niacin ?

A

Pellagra:

Sensitivity to sunlight, dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, weakness, ataxia

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15
Q

Describe the main features of the sixth step of glycolysis.

A

TRANSFER OF PHOSPHATE

  • 1, 3- biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
  • Produces ATP (ADP –> ATP)
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16
Q

What is the ratio of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule consumed ?

A

2 ATP : 1 glucose

17
Q

Describe the main features of the seventh step of glycolysis.

A

MOLECULAR REARRAGEMENT

-3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

18
Q

Describe the main features of the eight step of glycolysis.

A

DEHYDRATION

-2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate

19
Q

Describe the main features of the ninth step of glycolysis.

A

TRANSFER OF PHOSPHATE

  • Phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate
  • Produces ATP (ADP –> ATP)
20
Q

What is the difference in the way glycolysis takes place between aerobic and anaerobic conditions ?

A

AEROBIC:
-NAD+ regenerated because NADH passes the electrons and the hydrogen atoms which it receives from glyceraldehyde-3-P through a system known as the ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN which combines them with molecular oxygen to form water (also forms ATP)

ANAEROBIC:

  • NADH builds up because NAD+ cannot be regenerated
  • In humans: NADH is re-oxidized (hence regenerating NAD+) by reducing pyruvate to lactate
  • In yeast: NAD+ regenerated by converting pyruvate to ethanol
21
Q

Which molecule is responsible for muscle aches after prolonged exercise ?

A

Lactate

22
Q

Which enzymes are key targets to affect the rate of glycolysis ?
Which reaction does each enzyme catalyse ?

A
  1. Hexokinase
    (Catalyses: glucose → glucose-6-P)
  2. Phosphofructokinase
    (Catalyses: fructose-6-P → fructose-1,6- bisphosphate)
  3. Pyruvate kinase
    (Catalyses: phosphoenolpyruvate → pyruvate)
23
Q

Which of the 3 enzymes is the most important point at which glycolysis is regulated ?

A

phosphofructokinase

24
Q

What are some ways in which to affect phosphofructokinase ?

A
  1. High [ATP] allosterically inhibits the enzyme
  2. Low pH inhibits the enzyme (lactate accumulation, stabilises low pH)
  3. High [citric acid] inhibits
  4. High [fructose-6-P] stimulates the enzyme (more substrate)
25
Q

What is the full molecular equation for the reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase ?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP –> Fructose 1,6-biphosphate + ADP + H+

26
Q

What is the point of glycolysis rate being controlled ?

A

Glucose stores are only drawn on when energy is required and when conditions will allow sugars to be broken down

MD2002 (77 decks)

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