Peads cardio

Question 1

What congenital heart defect is associated with:

a) Downs
b) Turners
c) Noonans
d) Williams

Answer 1

a) AVSD, ToF, PDA, endocardial cushio defect
b) Aorti coarctation, biscupid aortic valve
c) Pulmonary stenosis
d) Supraventricular aortic stenosis

Question 2

What type of murmur occurs when:

a) the heart contracts
b) the heart relaxes

Answer 2

a) systolic murmur
b) diastolic murmur

Question 3

What congenital heart defects are associated with the following features:

a) cyanosis at birth
b) prematurity
c) no cyanosis
d) late presentation
e) cyanotic spells
f) increased right heart pressure
g) ‘clapped out’

Answer 3

a) TGA
b) PDA
c) VSD
d) ASD
e) teratpology of fallot
f) pulmonary stenossi
g) aoric coarctation

Question 4

What are Cyanotic & Acyanotic congenital heart problems

Answer 4

Cyanotic -> Ts

Tetralogy of fallot

Triscupid artresia

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

Acyanotic -> As

pdA

Aoritc stenosis

Aortic coractaion

Septal defects

Question 5

What are Acyanotic congenital heart problems

Question 6

if you see a blue baby, what are the differentials

Answer 6

Transient cyanosis (common)

Tetralogy of fallot

Tranposition of great arteries

Tricupisd artresia

Question 7

what test can see if a blue baby has a cardiac issue

Answer 7

nitrogen washout test

Question 8

a PDA is a connection between what 2 structures

Answer 8

PDA

Pulmonary trunk & Descending Aorta

Question 9

Contionus “machine like murmur”

Bounding & collapsing pulse

Loud S2

Wide pulse pressure

Born at high altitudes

What is this

Management

Answer 9

PDA

Management

Iburprofen & indomethacin -> inhibit prostoglandin synthesis

Fluid restriction

Surgery

Question 10

Tetralogy of fallot

What are the 4 main features

What shows the extent of cyanosis

Management

Answer 10

Features -> RVH, Overdiring aorta, VSD & pulomnary stenosis

Cyanosis -> pulmonary stenosis

Management -> surgery & B-blockers

Question 11

what treatment can be given for cyanosis

Answer 11

B-blockers

Question 12

What do these features represent:

Overiding aorta

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Ventricular Septal Defect

Pulmonary stenossis

BOOT SHAPPED heart

Answer 12

Tetralogy of fallot

Question 13

Radio-femoral delay

Can’t feel femoral pulse

Rib notching

Apical click

Murmus at L clavicle

Associated with Turners

What is this

How is it managed

What can it cause in adults

Answer 13

Aortic coarctation

1st line -> IV prostoglandins, definitive -> surgery

Refractory hypertesion in adults

Question 14

rib notching is a sign of…

Answer 14

Aortic coarctation

Question 15

what is this…

Pulmonary hypertesion due to congential L -> R shunt

Cyanosis, clubbing & heamoptysis

Managed via a heart-lung transplant

Answer 15

Eissemberg’s syndrome

Question 16

Jerwell-Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndomre and Romano Ward (RW) syndrome both cause long QT and VT/VF

What is the difference between the 2

Answer 16

JLN -> deafness

RW -> no deafness

Question 17

Cyanosis

Trisupid regurg

Hepatomegaly

Mum had bipolar

What is this

What caused it

Answer 17

Ebsteins anomaly -> atrialisation of RV

Lithium due to mum’s biplolar

So like he RV turns into more of the RA

Question 18

Atrial septal defects

What are the 2 types

What do they both cause

What is the difference beteween the 2

Which is most common

Answer 18

Ostium primum & secundum

Both cause RBBB and increased stroke risk

Primum -> Left axis deviation

Secundum -> Right acis deviation + most common

Question 19

Short PR

Wide QRS

Delta waves

Associated with HOCM

These are ECG findings of…

How you manage

Answer 19

WPW syndrome -> congenital accessory pathway

Accessory pathway ablation

Question 20

Dextrocaria along with chronic sinusitis & bronchiectasis are a sign of…

Answer 20

Kartagener’s syndrome

Question 21

like the most sinsiter cause of cyanosis in a baby

Loud S2

‘egg on side’ on CXR

Mum probs had diabetes

What is it

how you treat

Answer 21

Trasnposition of the Great Arteries

Management

1st line -> IV prostglandins (alprostadil)

Surgery -> Switch procedure

The pulmonary artery & aorta like swap places

Question 22

what type of murmurs are arotic and pulmonary stenosis

Answer 22

Both Ejection systolic

Aortic -> radiates to carotids

Pulmonary -> Radiates to the back

Question 23

How are stenotic valve probelms treated

Answer 23

Valve replacement

Balloon valvoplasty

Question 24

Prostaglandins are used to treat Aortic Coarctaion and TGA, give examples

Answer 24

Aloprostridol

Lantanoprost

Question 25

What are the 3 main types of innocent murmus and what are the differences

Answer 25

Ejection -> soft & buzzin

Venous -> blowing sound below clavicles

Stills -> “low” sound at left sternal edge

Question 26

What are the features of innocent murmus

Answer 26

All the S’s

Soft

Systolic

Symptomless

Standing & sitting -> postural changes

Short

Question 27

what can cause hypertension in kids

Answer 27

Aortic coarcation

Congential adrenal hyperplasia

Renal vascualr disease

Question 28

Physiological changes to the heart at birth

what happens to…

1. pulmonary vascular resitance

2 .pulmonary blood flow

3. systemic vascualt resistance
4. ductus arteriosus & venous
5. foramen ovale

Answer 28

1. decreases
2. increases
3. increases

4 & 5. All close

Question 30

What other cardiac condition is treated in the same way as PDA

Answer 30

Pericarditis

Ibuprofen & indomethicin