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History > Peacemaking and the League > Flashcards

Peacemaking and the League Flashcards

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1
Q

What did France want at the Paris peace conference?

A

To severely weaken Germany

-huge reparations, loss of land and disarmament

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2
Q

What did Britain want from the Paris peace conference?

A

Lloyd George wanted the Germans to remain relatively weak, especially in terms of its navy.

However, they didn’t want to be too harsh in case Germany resorted to communism

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3
Q

What did the USA want from the Paris peace conference?

A

U.S senate and public wanted to punish Germany and stay out of future European affairs

Privately, Wilson wanted peace

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4
Q

Who was the leader of France at the time of the Paris peace conference?

A

Georges Clemenceau

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5
Q

Who was the leader of Britain at the time of the Paris peace conference?

A

David Lloyd George

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6
Q

Who was the leader of America at the time of the Paris peace conference?

A

Woodrow Wilson

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7
Q

How many men did France lose in WW1?

A

1.4 million

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8
Q

What were Wilson’s 2 main aims?

A

1) Self determination

2) International co-operation - settling disputes peaceful means between all nations

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9
Q

State 3 of Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

A

1) A League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states
2) Free navigation of all seas
3) Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary

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10
Q

State 5 terms of the TOV

A

1) Army reduced to 100,000
2) Fortifications destroyed
3) Provinces of Eupen and Malmedy given to Belgium
4) Alliance between Austria and Germany was banned
5) No air force or submarines

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11
Q

What percentage of its land did Germany lose as a result of the TOV?
How many km2 was this?

A

10%

72,500km2

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12
Q

What percentage of its population did Germany lose as a result of the TOV?
How many people was this?

A

12.5%

6-7 million

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13
Q

Why could the TOV be classified as a diktat? (2)

A

1) Germany couldn’t negotiate the terms properly
- not present when treaty was written
- 3 weeks to protest

2) No position to decline due to economic depression
- 30% unemployment (Nov 1923)
- hyperinflation

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14
Q

Why would some not classify the TOV as a diktat? (3)

A

1) Germany had treated other countries just as harshly
- Franco-prussian war
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia WW1)

2) Germany had started it by invading Belgium
3) Fought of French/Belgian soil so Germany should compensate for damage

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15
Q

How was the League organised? (4)

A
  • Assembly met once a year in Geneva, Switzerland
  • All decisions had to be unanimous
  • Permanent council made of Britain, France, Italy and Japan (germany from 1926)
  • 4 temporary council members were elected for 3 year periods
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16
Q

How many member nations were there at the start of the League?

A

42

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17
Q

How many member nations were there in the peak of the League?

A

58

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18
Q

What were the 3 main faults in the membership of the League?

A

1) USA didn’t join

2) USSR forbidden from joining at first due to communist government
- political/economic strength

3) Germany weren’t allowed to join at first
- more resent

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19
Q

What were the 3 sanctions that the league could impose?

A

1) Moral condemnation
2) Economic
3) Military

20
Q

What were the flaws in economic sanctions? (2)

A

1) Can still trade with non-members

2) Many members didn’t want to because of international economic depression

21
Q

What was the main flaw in military sanctions?

A

League had no army so relied on members

-members were reluctant for more conflict

22
Q

What were the flaws in the covenant of the League? (3)

A

1) Overly ambitious
2) Disarmament was voluntary, not forced
3) Countries reluctant to disarm because many felt protected by large resources of weapons

-no country disarmed completely

23
Q

Describe the events of the Manchurian crisis

A

Sept 1931:
Japanese claimed that there had been an explosion at Mukden (railway line) and said it was sabotage by the Chinese.

Used this as an excuse to invade and quickly defeated chinese in Manchuria

Manchuria was rich in natural resources and raw minerals and provided a market for Japanese goods

24
Q

What did the League do about the Manhurian crisis?

A

China appealed to the League and the Lytton commission was set up.

The commission spent a year gathering evidence and it wasn’t until 2 years later (1933) that moral condemnation was issued

25
Q

How did Japan respond to the League’s action?

A

January 1933:
Occupies Jehol

24th February 1933:
Leaves the League and remains in control of Manchuria

26
Q

Why did Japan get away with the invasion of Manchuria?

A

They were a permanent council member so had a veto

27
Q

Why did other countries not act against Japan in Manchuria? (5)
`

A

1) Economic sanctions would have been ineffective as USA was Japan’s main trading partner
2) Most countries suffering economic depression
3) Britain was not willing to risk its fleet in the far east
4) Nearest country to send in troops was the USSR, but they were not a member
5) Western countries saw Japan as an ally against communism

28
Q

Why did Mussolini want to take Abyssinia?

A

The Italians did not get the land they thought they deserved in the TOV because they had started in the Triple Alliance (switched sides in 1915)

Benito Mussolini set up a fascist dictatorship with the intention of restoring Italy’s greatness

  • Abyssinia was one of the few areas in Africa that was not controlled by European powers
  • Wanted revenge for humiliating defeat at the Battle of Adowa
  • It was bordering Italian colonies of Eritrea and Somalia, so was easy to attack
  • Provided a secure market for Italian exports and was rich in raw materials
29
Q

Describe how Mussolini gained power in Abyssinia

A
  • Dec 1934: clash occurred at wal-wal oasis.

- Mussolini accused the Abyssinians of aggression and ordered troops in Eritrea and Somalila to attack.

30
Q

When did Mussolini order Eritrea and Somalia to attack Abyssinia?

A

October 1935

31
Q

When did the Abyssinian capital fall?

A

May 1936

32
Q

When was the battle of Adowa?

A

1896

33
Q

What did the league do in response to the Abyssinian crisis?

A

Emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie appealed to the League for assistance
-Moral condemnation and economic sanctions imposed

34
Q

Why were the economic sanctions imposed on Italy largely ineffective?

A

-Trade in arms to Italy ended immediately but it took 2 months for other imports to be banned

-Britain and France did not want to lose Mussolini’s alliance against Hitler (stressa front) and didn’t want to risk unemployment
Britain continued to supply coal
France supplied iron and steel

  • Hoare-laval Pact
  • Italy could still trade with non-members (USA)
  • Didn’t close Suez canal
35
Q

What were the consequences of the Abyssinian crisis?

A

-Hitler sent troops to the Rhineland in March 1936
(he knew the league would be too preoccupied)

  • Ended Stressa Front and instead formed the Rome-Berlin axis
  • 1937: Japan joined the axis to form anti-comintern pact

-Italy left league
(2 opposing sides —–> tension

36
Q

When did Italy withdraw from the league?

A

13th December 1937

37
Q

When was the Rome-Berlin axis signed?

A

25th October 1936

38
Q

Name 2 other successes of the League

A

1) Upper Silesia 1921

2) Turkey 1923

39
Q

Describe the successes of the League in Upper Silesia

A

TOV gave people a referendum over whether they wanted to be governed by Germany or Poland

800,000 voted Poland
700,000 voted Germany

This led to riots
-after a 6 week enquiry, the league split upper Silesia between Germany and Poland

40
Q

Describe the successes of the League in Turkey

A

A war in Turkey led to 1.4 million refugees and a cholera/typhoid epidemic

League sent health professionals and invested over £10 million

41
Q

Name 2 other failures of the League

A

1) Italy 1919

2) Russia and Poland 1920-21

42
Q

Describe the failure of the league in Italy 1919

A

Italian nationalists were angry with the TOV
-Port of fiume had been given to Yugoslavia, yet for 15 months it was governed by Italian nationalist D’annuzio

The Italian government resented this so bombarded the port to enforce surrender

-League did nothing

43
Q

Describe the failure of the league over the dispute between Poland and Russia

A

1920: Poland attack and defeat Russia

Russians had no choice but to sign the treaty of Riga which handed Poland 80,000km2 of Russian land

League did noting because by 1919, Russia was communist
-in fact, Britain, France and USA sent troops to Russia after the league was set up

44
Q

How many Italian soldiers attacked Abyssinia?

A

1.5 million

45
Q

What was the capital of Abyssinia?

A

Addis Ababa

History (6 decks)

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