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Origins of WW1 Flashcards

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0
Q

How many British soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 0.5 million
b) 0.5 million
c) 0.4 million

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1
Q

What was Kaiser Wilhelm’s main aim in his foreign policy?

A

Weltpolitik

  • to make Germany the greatest nation in the world
  • wanted to give Germany a ‘place in the sun’
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2
Q

How many French soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 0.7 million
b) 0.8 million
c) 1 million

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3
Q

How many Russian soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 1.1 million
b) 1.3 million
c) 1.5 million

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4
Q

How many Austro-Hungarian soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 0.25 million
b) 0.3 million
c) 0.48 million

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5
Q

How many German soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 0.5 million
b) 0.7 million
c) 0.8 million

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6
Q

How many Italian soldiers could be mobilised at any one time in:

a) 1900
b) 1910
c) 1914

A

a) 0.25 million
b) 0.3 million
c) 0.35 million

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7
Q

What was the population of British overseas colonies?

A

390 million

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8
Q

What were the French reparations after the Franco-Prussian war

A

£200 million

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9
Q

How many dreadnoughts did Britain have by 1914?

A

29

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10
Q

How many dreadnoughts did Germany have by 1914?

A

17

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11
Q

In 1909, how many dreadnoughts were in

a) Britain
b) Germany

A

a) 8

b) 9

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12
Q

Why was the production of dreadnoughts a disadvantage for Britain?

A

It made all previous battleships obsolete.

The older battleships were no match for the speed and firepower of dreadnoughts

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13
Q

What were older ships refereed to in Germany and why?

A

Fünf minuten because it was estimated that they would only last five minutes if faced by a dreadnought

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14
Q

What happened to the reichsbank in 1911?

A

Lost 1/5 of gold reserves in a month

Germany experienced financial turmoil as their stock market crashed by 30% in one day (agadir)

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15
Q

How many members did the black hand have in

1) 1911
2) 1914

A

1) 10

2) 2500

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16
Q

What were Austria-Hungary’s aims in the Balkans?

A

They were concerned about the success of Serbia and were looking for an excuse to defeat it and prevent the break up of the Austro-Hungarian empire

Anti Panslavic

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17
Q

What were Serbia’s aims in the Balkans?

A

They believed in panslavism and the creation of a greater Serbia.
They saw the Balkan wars as the first step towards this, and Bosnia was seen by many as the first area of expansion

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18
Q

What was the stated aim of the black hand?

A

“To realise the national ideal, the unification of all Serbs. This organisation prefers terrorist action to cultural activities; it will therefore remain secret”

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19
Q

Give an example of an Austro-Hungarian official who helped to turn the assassination into an excuse for war

A

Conrad Von Hötzendorf (leader of war party and close friend of archduke franz Ferdinand.

Between the beginning of 1913 and June 1914, Conrad had proposed war against Serbia 25 times

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20
Q

What happened in Morocco in 1905-06?

A

Morocco was one of the few African areas that was not under European control
Both France and Germany wanted morocco
• Germany for weltpolitik
• Entente Cordialle - Britain would not oppose French action in Morocco

1905 - Kaiser visited Tangier, Morocco. He overplayed his part by riding in on a white horse accompanied by a military band of Moroccan troops.

He announced that Germany supported an independent Morocco and ordered an international conference (to prevent French control)

1906:
Conference at Algeçiras in Spain
•AH and Morocco supported Germany
•Britain and Russia supported France

France to recognise independence of Morocco but was given joint control with Spain of the Moroccan police

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21
Q

What were the consequences of the first Moroccan crisis?

A
  • Led to Anglo-Russian agreement the following year
  • Strengthened Entente
  • Led to second Moroccan crisis
  • Increased tension
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22
Q

Describe the events of the Bosnian crisis

A
  • Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia
  • Serbia furious since they wanted to unite all Slavs in greater Serbia so appealed to Russia for help
  • Russia called for an international conference
  • Austria-Hungary refused to attend and were fully backed by Germany
  • Russia had to back down as it was no match for German forces
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23
Q

What were the consequences of the Bosnian crisis

A
  • Serbia furious with Austria-Hungary after being forced to accept Bosnian annexation and wanted revenge
  • Russia humiliated and unlikely to back down again
  • Military improvements in Russia
  • Austria-Hungary felt powerful because Germany were now fully committed to supporting Austro-Hungarian policy in the Balkans

•Italy less keen on alliance
-didn’t like Austria-Hungary in the Balkans

•Russia drew closer to Britain and France

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24
Q

Describe the events of the second Moroccan crisis

A

21st May 1911 - French relief forces reach fez and it is occupied soon after
• Kaiser sent gunboat (Panther) to Moroccan port of Agadir in order to force French to agree to compensation in the form of the French Congo in Central Africa

• Britain and France saw this as a military threat - Germany trying to build a naval base in Morocco

• Lloyd George (Chancellor of the Exchequer) made a speech in mansion house, London, where he warned that Britain would back the French, by war if necessary.
-Britain’s fleet even prepared for war

• Germany backed down to avoid risk of war

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25
Q

What was the term of the Triple alliance?

A

Defensive alliance with all 3 powers agreeing to support each other if one of them was attacked by 2 or more powers

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26
Q

What were the consequences of the second Moroccan crisis?

A

• France established a full protectorate over Morocco
(30th March 1911)

  • Anglo-French naval agreement, which effectively ended the ‘Entente Cordialle’
  • Increased naval rivalry between Britain and Germany
  • Germany had been humiliated again
  • unlikely to back down a third time
  • public support for war

• Italy opposed Germany over this issue
-weakens Triple Alliance

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27
Q

Why did France and Russia form an alliance in 1894? (4)

A
  • Kaiser Wilhelm made it clear that he did not favour close relations with Russia
  • Both powers were beginning to feel threatened
  • France wanted revenge after Franco-Prussian war
  • Russia was in need of a loan to develop her economy
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28
Q

What was the nature of the Franco-Russian alliance of 1894?

A

Defensive

Both countries agreed to support each other if attacked by Germany or Austria-Hungary

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29
Q

Why did France and Britain sign the Entente Cordiale?

A

• Britain felt increasingly threatened

  • especially as Germany had declined to sign an agreement in the years 1900-02 limiting naval expansion
  • instead, Germany was increasing it’s navy
  • France wanted revenge over loss of Alsace and Lorraine
  • Both powers wanted to expand their empires
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30
Q

What was agreed in the Entente Cordiale?

A

France allowed Britain to go ahead with reforms in Egypt

Britain promised not to oppose French action in Morocco

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31
Q

Why was the Anglo-Russian agreement signed?

A

After the first Moroccan crisis, Russia and Britain felt closer since they had both supported France

Signed as a way of solving colonial disputes, primarily in Tibet and Persia

Strengthened after Bosnia

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32
Q

What were the terms of the anglo-french naval agreement?

A

Britain would protect North coast of France from German attack
France would protect British interests in the Mediterranean

This allowed Britain to focus on developing its navy in home waters to oppose the German high seas fleet
France was able to protect its African colonies

33
Q

Describe the events of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand

A

Black hand stationed 6 assassins to a Parade in Austria with the instruction to kill the archduke “by any means”

120 officers monitoring a 6km stretch of road

First attempt made by Carbrinovic who threw a grenade, which deflected off Ferdinand’s arm. injuring 20

At 10;45 he was shot in the neck by an assassin named Princip, he dies with his wife Sophie 10 minutes later

34
Q

How did theh assassination of Ferdinand become the trigger for war?

A

Austria-Hungary sent a 10 point ultimatum to Serbia

  • Serbia accepted all but one of the 10 points (point 6 would have involved Austrians influencing the justice system in Serbia so they couldn’t accept it)
  • They were prepared to refer the matter to the international court at the Hague, Serbia expected this would satisfy Austria-Hungary or at least lead to negotiations

However the Austrians, having being assured of Germany’s support on 6th July felt confident that this was their opportunity to deal with the problem of Serbia

35
Q

What assumptions were made in the Schlieffen plan? (4)

A

1) Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilise
2) France could easily be defeated in less than 6 weeks
3) Belgium would not resist attack
4) Britain would remain neutral

36
Q

Why did the schlieffen plan fail?

A

1) Russia mobilised in 10 days
2) 125,000 members of the BEF met the Germans at Mons

3) The battle of the Marne resulted in the Germans being pushed back 35 miles (5th- 11th September)
- Both sides ended up digging trenches for protection —> attrition

4) German forces in chaos
- some being withdrawn to protect the eastern border
- poor communication between commanders and Berlin HQ

37
Q

When and why was the Schlieffen plan created?

A

Created by Alfred Von Schlieffen in 1903 in response to encirclement and international tensions. It was revised in December 1905

38
Q

In the schlieffen plan, what percentage of Germany’s forces would protect their Eastern border

A

10%

39
Q

Why did the Germans think that Britain would not go to war over their invasion of Belgium?

A
  • It would be difficult to convince public that it was worth going to war over close relations with France
  • Although Belgian neutrality had been guaranteed in 1939 Treaty of London, Kaiser describes this a a ‘scrap of paper’
40
Q

When was the Treaty of London, guaranteeing Belgian neutrality signed?
(d/m/y)

A

19th April 1939

41
Q

When was the Franco-Prussian war?

y

A

1870-71

42
Q

When was the dual alliance between austria and Germany signed? (y)

Which German chancellor signed this?

A

1879

Chancellor Bismarck

43
Q

When was the Triple Alliance formed?

m/y

A

May 1882

44
Q

When was the German empire established?

A

1888
After Franco-Prussian war, the 2nd German Reich was founded with Kaiser Wilhelm (king of Prussia) becoming emperor

  • crowned at Versailles
  • population of 41 million
45
Q

When did Britain put its navy on three-power-standard? What did this mean?

A

1902

Royal navy had to be 3 times the size of the next 3 largest navies in the world

46
Q

What year did the Anglo German naval race begin?

A

1889

47
Q

When was the Franco-Russian alliance signed?

A

1894

48
Q

When was the Entente Cordiale signed?

d/m/y

A

8th April 1904

49
Q

When was the Anglo-French naval agreement signed?

A

1912

50
Q

When did France establish full protectorate over Morocco?

d/m/y

A

30th March 1912

51
Q

When was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?

A

28th June 1914

52
Q

When did Germany offer its full support to Austria-HUngary

A

6th July 1914

53
Q

When was the Ultimatum sent to Serbia?

A

23rd July 1914

54
Q

When did Russia offer its full support to Serbia?

A

24th July 1914

55
Q

When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Serbia?

A

28th July 1914

56
Q

When did Russia begin to mobilise its forces?

A

30th July 1914

57
Q

When did Germany declare war on Russia?

A

1st August 1914

58
Q

When did Germany declare war on France?

A

3rd August 1914

59
Q

When did German troops enter Belgium?

A

3rd August 1914

60
Q

When did Germany declare war on Belgium?

A

4th August 1914

61
Q

When did Britain declare war on Germany?

A

4th August 1914

62
Q

When did France declare war on Germany?

A

5th August 1914

63
Q

When did Austria-Hungary declare war on Russia?

A

6th August 1914

64
Q

How many naval personnel did Britain have in 1914?

A

209,000

65
Q

How many naval personnel did the Entente have in 1914?

A

331,000

66
Q

How many naval personnel did Germany have in 1914?

A

79,000

67
Q

How many naval personnel did the Triple Alliance have in 1914?

A

95,000

68
Q

By what percentage did military expenditure increase in Britain between 1870 and 1914?

A

300%

69
Q

When did French relief forces reach Fez?

A

21st May 1911

70
Q

Why did the kaiser send the gunboat to Agadir?

A

To force the French to agree to compensation in the form of French Congo and Central Africa

72
Q

How did Britain respond to the events at Agadir?

A

Lloyd George (Chancellor of the Exchequer) made a speech at Mansion House, London stating that Britain would back France, by war if necessary

73
Q

When did Austria-Hungary announce the annexation of Bosnia?

A

6th October 1908

74
Q

What was the size of the French army in 1914?

A

4,017,000

75
Q

What was the size of the British army in 1914?

A

975,000

76
Q

What was the size of the Russian army in 1914?

A

5.971,000

77
Q

What was the size of the German army in 1914?

A

4,500,000

78
Q

What was the size of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1914?

A

3,000,000

79
Q

What was the total size of the Triple Entente infantry forces by 1914?

A

10.5 million

80
Q

What was the total size of the Triple Alliance infantry forces by 1914?

A

8.75 million

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