Peacekeeping Flashcards
Definition of Peacekeeping?
Deployment of international personnel to help maintain peace and security
(These personnel are given by MS consent but are under UN command)
How is the budget for Peacekeeping?
- Very small
- 7.8billion per year (around 0.5% world expenditure on military)
How does peacekeeping fit in to UN Charter?
- Falls between chapters 6 + 7
- One of the largest operations in UN though
Who decides on peacekeeping? (Dependent on…?)
- Mandated by the Security Council
- Secretary general reports to Security council around every 6 months as UN is dependent on troops and equipment
What are the principles of Peacekeeping? and what does this arguably rely more on?
- Impartiality
- Use of force only in self-defense
- Consent of host country
Arguably relies more on Peacekeepers morality than military force
What are the three Peacekeeping generations?
- Traditional (1st Generation)
- Multi functional (2nd Generation)
- Robust (3rd Generation)
First generation peacekeeping? Main functions Personnel used Amount Problems
First generation peacekeeping’s main functions:
- Create buffer zones
- Monitor borders
Personnel Used:
- UN military personnel which were lightly armed
Amount:
- Small amount of active peacekeeping missions
Problems:
- Monitoring could not fully resolve issues which sometimes lead to peacekeepers being stuck as in Cyprus
Second generation peacekeeping/Operations? Main functions Personnel used Amount Problems
Second generation peacekeeping’s main functions:
- multilateral, multidimensional and multinational
- peacefully by monitoring HR’s, surrender of weapons, organising governmental positions
Personnel Used:
- Police forces, military, civilian and NGO’s (red cross, etc)
Amount:
- Influx of peacekeeping missions
- Increase in troop-contributing countries
Problems:
- Decline in 1990s in confidence of peacekeeping meant lack of staff
- Peacekeeping exposed as unable to protect civilians and even themselves
- Civilians became main targets of war
What is Kaldor’s argument for New Wars and Old Wars?
Old Wars:
- Fought ideologically (by social elites)
- Had support from the masses
- Used controlled violence (combatants killed in certain numbers)
- Mass grievances
New Wars:
- Fought by criminals
- Had no support (used fear to suppress the masses)
- No control over killing with non-combatants being targetted
- No political objectives
What did a change in how war was fought mean for peacekeeping?
- Less interstate warfare, more intrastate
- Traditional security moved to human security
- 2nd Generation introduced
What did the Brahimi report aim to do and what were his recommendations?
CAUPE
- Aimed to learn the lessons found in 1990s failures of 2nd Generation
Recommendations:
- Clear and achievable mandate
- Address root causes (ethnic, etc)
- Use of force in protection of civilians
- Prevent not just react
- Exploit outside resources (NGOs)
What problems still remain in peacekeeping? (economies, media, more actors)
- Reforming of economies post-conflict
- Lack of media attention
- More actors = more agendas
What has been brought in through 3rd generation, ‘robust’ peacekeeping?
- Use of force to protect civilians (90% of missions have)
How do people judge peacekeeping and what are their findings? (Conflict vs. mandate)
- Qualitatively and Quantitatively
- Fortna (Quantitative): If a ceasefire is put in place, peacekeeping works massively to reduce conflict re-eruption
- Qualitative: If mandate is fulfilled or how much UN learns from each mission
What has become an emerging trend of peacekeeping and what does this undermine?
- Counter-terrorism support
- undermines impartiality principle
