Collective Security

Question 1

What is a Collective Security?

What ways did Thakur see this going?

Answer 1

• A system of rules that governs the collective use of force in an attempt to maintain and/or restore international peace and security
• Thakur: Can be seen as a movement toward supranationalism; or simply a way of nation states maintaining their sovereignty through security

Question 2

What are the three key elements to a successful Collective Security? (spd)

Answer 2

• Sign:Signing of a treaty
• Promise: Promise aid
• Defense: Self-defense

Question 3

What forms did Collective Security take in the mid-to-late 19th century?

Answer 3

• Concert of Europe (1815):
  ¬ Britain proposed European states come together to secure themselves against future uprisings e.g. Napoleon
  ¬ Known as a Security Regime
  ¬ Undermined by Crimean War as there was no diplomatic mechanisms in the concert that could deal with conflicts outside of Europe
• Hague Conferences (1899-1907)
  ¬ Limited the type of weapons used in warfare and type of warfare itself

Question 4

What was the idea of the League of Nations and what was Woodrow’s ideology?

Answer 4

To replace empires through national self determination

Woodrows Ideology:

• Open treaties and democracy
• Further free trade to reduce conflict
• Reduce armaments (as in the Hague)

Question 5

What was the league of nations a product of?

To promote what?

What was the set up like?

Answer 5

¬The Versailles Treaty
To promote:
- international co-operation
- achieve international peace and security

Set up:

• Forum to resolve disputes
• Unanimous voting (veto)

Question 6

What was the US’s standpoint on the League of Nations?

Answer 6

• Senate refused to ratify the League as did not want to involve troops in non-self-interest situations

Question 7

What were the principles in the articles of Collective Security in the League of Nations?

Answer 7

• Article 10: All states pledge to protect all members against aggression
• Article 11: Any war, or threat of war, whether against a member or not, all members in the League would act to ratify it
• Article 12-15: Outline how states are expected to resolve their disputes diplomatically

Question 8

What were the challenges to the League of Nations Collective Security?

Answer 8

• No army (relied on MS)
• Formally fought only
• Equal blame?
• World War 2 diminished it

Question 9

What happened during Japan’s invasion of Manchuria 1931?

Answer 9

• China asked LON to respond but LON wanted dispute to be settled diplomatically
• Was not until 1933 that LON condemned Japan’s actions, by which time Japan was fully entrenched
• Japan refused to leave China and resigned from LON
• No further action

Question 10

What was the reason for the failure of Japan and what is Thakur’s POV?

Answer 10

• Great depression
• No mechanism to enforce CS which created a slow decision making process
• Half-hearted memberships = self-interest trumps collective interest when it doesn’t connect the state: was the US just honest?
• Thakur: That it is arguably a successful case in terms of stepping stones

Question 11

What happened post-League of Nations?

Answer 11

• Big four declaration led to founding meeting of the UN: San Francisco 1945:
  ¬ Debates between rights of small and large powers on Security Council and 5 Powers veto
  ¬ US dominated proceedings
  ¬ Intention to create military force in UN

Question 12

What are the purposes of the UN in the Charter, Article 1? (MAD)

Answer 12

• Maintain peace and security
• Achieve international cooperation in problem solving
• Develop friendly relationships among nations

Question 13

What chapter does UN Collective Security come under and what does it state? (dicc)

Answer 13

• Chapter 7:
• determine: UNSC determines threat to peace occur (art 39)
• impose: UNSC can impose measures short of use of force (art 41) or use armed force to keep peace and security (art 42)
• contribute: Members are expected to contribute armed forces and other forms of security (learnt from LON) (art 43)
• carry out: UNSC decisions will be carried out by all/some members at the UN (art 48)

Question 14

What has changed from the League of Nations to UN? (JEES)

Answer 14

• Judge: Moral and Legal right to judge
• Enforcement: of rulings binding to all MS (even if disagree)
• Expansion: Expansion of MS has helped reach its goals
• Stake: Idea that ALL have a stake in what happens globally is no longer a question

Question 15

How did the UN react to the Korean War, 1950?

Answer 15

• N. Korea invaded S. Korea
• S. Korea asked for UN assistance against this act of aggression
• No veto from Soviet Union as boycotting UN meetings due to China’s political institute changing to People’s Republic of China
• UN joined South Korea to deter further aggression

Question 16

How did the UN react to the Iraq War, 1990?

Answer 16

• Iraq refused to leave Kuwait
• UN imposed sanctions
• Iraqi troops remained
• UN established ‘use of force’ through military means which were arguably through self-interests

Question 17

What are the challenges for UN Collective Security? (HOD)

Answer 17

• Hope: Based on the hope of all states coming together to aid one another
• ONE: States seem to not have the ONE FOR ALL mentality
• Deter: Based heavily on the idea that war can be deterred through sanctions and THREAT of a CS force

Question 18

Criticism’s to international Collective Security

Answer 18

• Smaller wars: UN sometimes involves themselves in smaller wars in smaller states that arguably are not a ‘threat to world peace’
• Large states: Equally, it is near impossible for UN to sanction and act against bigger states as they have such an influence (that’s why 5 powers have veto)

Question 19

Collective Security through Peacekeeping?

Answer 19

• Helps avoid war through mediation and peace resolutions