Development Agenda Flashcards
What is meant by development post WW2?
How has it changed since then?
- Popularised term post-WW2 to describe the process through which countries and societies were transforming
Underdeveloped -> Developing -> Developed
- Urban or rural? (Very simplistic to begin with)
SINCE THEN:
- Sustainable development and human development (more complex)
What is trickle down economics?
- Invest in nations with loans and aid it will improve standard of living in state
What did the UN Charter believe with regards to development?
Article 55
- Less developed states are less stable and could impact international peace and security
What happened in 1960s in relation to development?
- Trickle down mentality
- Unfair trade deals with developing states highlighted by Latin America states
- Decolonization meant developing states having more seats in UN so agenda changes
What happened in 1970s in relation to development?
- Development politics rose and so commitment followed
- Rich states agreed to Monetary consensus in 1970 to give 0.7% of GNP to developing (many fall short)
- Open market
What happened in 1980s in relation to development?
- More individual level approach
- Still focused on 1970s but also health, morality and elimination on poverty
What happened in 1990s in relation to development?
- HR approach = a fundamental right to develop
What was the problems the Human Development Report faced in the 1990s?
What were the three basic Human development elements?
What were the indicators of these?
- Developing states lacked data collection techniques
- UN realised need for indicators as measurements:
Human Development elements: Longevity of life, Knowledge (education), Decent standard of life
Indicators: Life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, purchasing power
How has the human development report improved?
- Countries have offices/HQs to collect information
- Each country gives good, frequent summaries
- Countries in top 10 and bottom 10 haven’t really changed since 1990s
What are some Millennium development goals to remember?
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Universal primary education
What were the Millennium Development goals aims?
- Set up in 2001
- 8 MDGs
- Reduce poverty and promote sustainable development by 2015
- Massive increase in data collection as all countries wished to reach MDGs by 2015
What is an overview of Goal 1, ‘Eradicating world hunger and poverty’?
- Unachievable so bar set from 1990-2015 so many had already achieved before it began
- UN claimed to have achieved by 2010, but was mainly due to already up-coming states such as China and India
- Only achieved according to population in 1990 (more have been born so more in poverty and hunger)
- Constant shift of what ‘poverty’ meant (1, 1.25, 1.90)
What is an overview of Goal 2, ‘Achieve universal primary education’?
- Due to pressures from goal 3, 9/10 girls achieved a primary education in an aggregate of states
What is an overview of Goal 3, ‘Promote gender equality and empower women’?
- Arguably an overly simplistic goal
- measured only by ‘number of women in employment and governmental positons’
What was a challenge to the official view of the MDGs?
- Sub-Saharan Africa, even though one of the most funded areas, did not achieve most of the goals
- The average was brought well-up from already-rising states such as China which tipped the balance
