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Ethics > Peace and Justice > Flashcards

Peace and Justice Flashcards

1
Q

List as many causes of war as you can (5)

A
  • Greed
  • Power
  • Ideology
  • Resources (oil, money, supply routes
  • Freedom (against oppression)
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2
Q

What is the concept of a just war?

A

A Christian teaching first put forward by St. Thomas Aquinas. It proposes that wars can be considered morally right and justified if they abide by certain conditions.

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3
Q

What are the 7 principles behind a just war?

A
  • Just cause
  • Initiated by a proper authority
  • The motive behind the conflict must promote good over evil and the aim should be to restore peace
  • A minimum amount of force
  • Adequate protection for civilians
  • Must be a last resort
  • There should be a chance of success
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4
Q

List the arguments for the Iraq War being just (7)

A
  1. Iraqi people were suffering under Saddam Hussein
  2. Iraq was one of three countries names of the “axis of evil” and claimed to be assisting Al Qaeda by George Bush following 9/11
  3. Both G W Bush and Tony Blair were backed by their government
  4. Good chance of success as the US and Allies military forces were overwhelmingly greater than the Iraqi army
  5. The intention was to deliver democracy to Iraq
  6. Justice was served? Hussein and his colleagues were put to death/sentenced to life imprisonment
  7. Iraq allegedly had weapons of mass destruction (that could destroy the UK in 45 minutes)
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5
Q

List the arguments against the Iraq War being just (9)

A
  1. No evidence has been found to support George Bush’s claims that Iraq assisted Al Qaeda
  2. Saddam Hussein cooperated with UN inspectors
  3. The UN security council did not sanction the war
  4. Other countries were suffering under cruel dictators, it is argued the real motive was the US’ desire to control Iraq’s oil reserves
  5. More effort could have been made in diplomatic discussions
  6. The Iraq war has not restored peace in the region (ISIL)
  7. The current government is weak (and biased towards the Shiite community)
  8. Threat of terrorism in the west has increased
  9. The quality of civilian life hasn’t improved
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6
Q

What is the civilian death toll of the Iraqi war, as estimated by the British Medical Journal?

A

650,000

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7
Q

What is pacifism?

A

An opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes - often a refusal to carry weapons on moral/religious grounds

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8
Q

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson say with regards to peace?

A

“Peace cannot be achieved through violence, it can only be attained through understanding”

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9
Q

What did Chairman Mao Zedong say about war?

A

“War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun”

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10
Q

Three reasons behind people being pacifist?

A
  • Faith that condemns violence
  • Belief in the sanctity of life (both religious and non religious)
  • An opinion that violence is totally ineffective
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11
Q

What is the absolute pacifist belief?

A

War and physical conflict is not acceptable under any circumstances. The value of human life is so high that killing can never be justified. On principle, violence always has a bad outcome.

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12
Q

How can absolute pacifism be easily challenged?

A

In the case where violence is the ‘lesser of two evils’ or when self defence is necessary, most people would oppose the absolute view.

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13
Q

What is the conditional pacifist outlook?

A

War and violence is bad in principle but there may be circumstances where it is better than any alternative or necessary to protect innocent lives.

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14
Q

What is the active pacifist stance and what are conscientious objectors?

A

Active pacifists make an effort to promote peace and campaign against war. Those who object to fight under government requirements are known as conscientious objectors and have been punished in the past but in more recent years their beliefs have been respected.

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15
Q

Why isn’t pacifism popular as a government policy?

A

Most countries believe in the right to to actively defend themselves in the event where they are attacked or their interests are threatened.

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16
Q

How many conscientious objectors were there in WW1 and WW2?

A

WW1: 16,000

WW2: 59,000

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17
Q

What are the pros of pacifism? (3)

A
  • Promotes peace and compassion
  • Saves money spent on arms
  • Prevents death and injury, anguish caused to innocent
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18
Q

What are the cons of pacifism? (3)

A
  • Unrealistic concept, the world isn’t perfect
  • Violence can be necessary to defend against evil
  • Inhibits a countries ability to self-defend
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19
Q

What does the Old Testament say about violence?

A

It is generally condoned. In Exodus 15 ‘the Lord is a warrior’.

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20
Q

Exodus 20:13? Thou shalt not….

A

“Thou shalt not commit murder”

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21
Q

Matthew 5:9? Blessed are……

A

“Blessed are the peacekeepers”

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22
Q

Exodus 21:23?

A

“Eye for eye, tooth for tooth…wound for wound, bruise for bruise”

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23
Q

John 13:34?

A

“Love one another”

24
Q

What does the New Testament say about violence?

A

Jesus teaches about the need to avoid violence, in keeping with the concepts of agape and forgiveness.

25
Q

What did Jesus say to Peter when he tried to defend him against the Romans?

A

“Whoever lives by the sword, dies by the sword”

26
Q

What do the Catholic and Church of England denominations say about violence?

A

They accept war is sometimes necessary to achieve peace but they do not actively support it.

27
Q

What is the Society of Friends stance on violence?

A

In 1660 they said that nothing would move them “to fight and war against any man with outward weapons”

28
Q

Finish this bible teaching ““If someone strikes you on the right cheek……”

A

“If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also”

29
Q

What percentage of adults released from prison are reconvicted within one year of release?

A

47 percent (73 percent of under eighteens)

30
Q

List the five aims of punishment

A
  • Deterrent
  • Authority
  • Protection
  • Reform
  • Retribution
31
Q

In February 2014, a prisoner released from solitary killed another inmate. How many times did he stab him?

A

87

32
Q

How many more times are prisoners in solitary confinement likely to commit suicide compared with those in normal communal prison facilities?

A

6 times

33
Q

Who said “an eye for an eye will make the world blind”?

A

Gandhi

34
Q

What are some arguments for the death penalty? (5)

A
  • It is an effective deterrent
  • The death penalty is best at protecting society
  • It satisfies victims families
  • It saves money that would otherwise be used incarcerating the criminal
  • An eye for an eye is justice
35
Q

List some arguments against the death penalty (5)

A
  • It doesn’t allow for reform
  • It is hypocritical
  • It’s an infliction of human rights
  • Punishment should not be about vengeance
  • Mistakes can be made and innocent lives can be compromised
36
Q

What does St Paul say to teach against retribution?

A

“Do not repay evil for evil”

37
Q

What does the Bible say about government?

A

“Obey the government, for God is the one who put it there”

38
Q

In December 2004, the Catholic church called for an increased Christian understanding to be put into practice in prisons, what did this include?

A
  • A full working day of 8 hours a day, 5 days a week
  • More schemes to make hiring ex-offenders more attractive to employers
  • Improved education
  • More money for drug treatment
39
Q

What is the Church of England’s view on prison?

A

Much like the RCC, they believe offenders should be prepared for return to society.

40
Q

What is restorative justice?

A

It is a method by which the victim/victims family get an opportunity to question the criminal and gain an insight into why they carried out the crime. This also gives the offender a basis from which to reflect on the harm they have caused.

41
Q

What is the 6th commandment?

A

“Thou shalt not kill”

42
Q

Define social injustice

A

Social injustice is inequity in society that causes burden and is generally deemed to be immoral

43
Q

Who said the proverb that suggests it is best to speak out about injustice rather than stand by, or you too will become victim ? “Then they came for me and there was no one left to speak for me”

A

Pastor Martin Niemoller

44
Q

What did Edmund Burke say with regards to evil men?

A

“All it takes for evil men to triumph is for good men to do nothing”

45
Q

What is Liberation Theology?

A

A movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, which addresses the issues of poverty and social injustice.

46
Q

Name atleast two famous advocates of Liberation Theology

A

Any two from: Oscar Romero Camilo Torres Dom Camara Leonardo Boff

47
Q

Who is deemed to be the founding father of Liberation Theology and when was his book “A Theology of Liberation” published?

A

Gustavo Gutierrez

1971

48
Q

How did Leonardo Boff cause controversy within the Catholic Church?

A

He criticised their hierarchy. Boff was labelled a communist and criticised by the church for his human rights advocacy which they believed “politicised everything”. He was silenced by Cardinal Joseph, who would later become Pope for his book ‘Church: Charism and Power’.

49
Q

How did Oscar Romero die (in 1980) and how was he described by Pope John Paul II?

Where in the UK is there a statue of him?

A

Romero was assassinated, the Pope described him as a servant of God. He is one of 10 20th century martyrs with a statue above the door of Westminster Abbey.

50
Q

How many supporters do Amnesty International have worldwide and when were they founded?

A

3 million, founded 1960

51
Q

What did Nelson Mandela say with regards to poverty?

A

“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity, it is an act of justice”

52
Q

Which bible teaching suggests that God supports vengeance?

A

“I will punish you as your deeds deserve” -Jeremiah 21:14

53
Q

Finish this bible teaching

“Love your enemies and pray for those who …….”

A

“Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you”

54
Q

Luke 17:3? If your brother…

A

“If your brother sins, rebuke him and if he repents, forgive him’

55
Q

Which two bible teachings encourages fighting for social justice?

A
  1. “Seek justice, encourage the oppressed” -Isaiah 1:17
  2. “He has anointed me to preach the good news to the poor. He has sent me to release the oppressed” - Luke 4:18

Ethics (4 decks)

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