pe sac 1

Question 1

sagittal plane/median plane

Answer 1

divides the body into left and right sections

Question 2

transverse /horizontal plane

Answer 2

divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

Question 3

coronal/frontal plane

Answer 3

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Question 4

joints
fixed of fibrous

Answer 4

no amount of movement (skull, pelvis)

Question 5

joints
cartilaginous

Answer 5

slight amount of movement (ribs attaching to the sternum)

Question 6

joints
synovial

Answer 6

free movement(hips and knee joints)

Question 7

synovial joint-pivot

Answer 7

rotation of one bone around another (atlas and axial vertebrae column)

Question 8

synovial joint-gliding

Answer 8

gliding movements (carpals/tarsals)

Question 9

synovial joint- ball and socket

Answer 9

flexion, extension, adduction and abduction (shoulder/hip)

Question 10

synovial joint-hinge

Answer 10

flexion and extension (knee/elbow)

Question 11

synovial joint-saddle

Answer 11

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction (carpo joint of the thumb)

Question 12

synovial joint-condyloid

Answer 12

flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction (wrist)

Question 13

types of muscles

Answer 13

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Question 14

smooth muscle

Answer 14

found in the blood vessels and walls of the intestines

Question 15

cardiac muscle

Answer 15

makes up the walls of the heart

Question 16

skeletal muscle

Answer 16

attached to the bone of the skeleton

Question 17

tendons

Answer 17

made up of connective tissue and can cross joints to provide additional support

Question 18

ligaments

Answer 18

connect one bone to another, provide extra strength around the joint

Question 19

muscle attachments

Answer 19

muscles are attached to bones by tendons

Question 20

agonist

Answer 20

the muscles that is primarily responsible for producing movement

Question 21

antagonist

Answer 21

the muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts to allow ease of movement and minimise the risk of injury

Question 22

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 22

a term used to explain how muscles work in teams to allow efficient movement to occur
(e.g when doing a squat quads are agonist and the hamstrings are antagonists)

Question 23

superior

Answer 23

closer to the head then another part (e.g elbow joint is superior to the knee joint)

Question 24

inferior

Answer 24

closer to the feet then another part (e.g the hip joint is inferior to the shoulder joint)

Question 25

anterior

Answer 25

towards the front of the body (e.g the pecs are anterior to the latismuss dorsi)

Question 26

posterior

Answer 26

towards the back of the body (e.g the hamstrings are posterior to the quads)

Question 27

medial

Answer 27

away from the imaginary midline of the body (e.g shoulders are lateral to your spine)

Question 28

proximal

Answer 28

a body part closer to its attachment point (e.g the knee is proximal to the ankle)

Question 29

distal

Answer 29

a body part further away from the point of attachment than another (the wrist is distal to the forearm flexors)

Question 30

superficial

Answer 30

a body part closer to the surface of the body than another (when you sweat your veins dilate and become more superficial)

Question 31

palmar

Answer 31

the palm side of the hand

Question 32

plantar

Answer 32

the sole of the foot

Question 33

isometric

Answer 33

involves a muscle contraction against force with no significant movement occuring

Question 34

isokinetic

Answer 34

the speed of movement is held constant regardless of the magnitude of force applied to the resistance

Question 35

isoinertial

Answer 35

a weight is placed on an extremity and is put through a range of motions of movement the person is training for

Question 36

slow twitch fibers

Answer 36

red fibers best suited for aerobic endurance work such as a triathlon

Question 37

fast twitch fibers

Answer 37

white fibres are best suited to short duration, high intensity anaerobic work

Question 38

all-or-nothing principle

Answer 38

for the fibers of a motor unit to contract, the impulse must reach a certain threshold. If the threshold isn’t met the fiber will not contract and nothing will happen but if it is met the muscle will contract

Question 39

size principle

Answer 39

motor recruitment begins with small units with large units. small motor units recruited first at low muscle force

Question 40

sliding filament theory

Answer 40

the brain sends a message along to a motor neuron which connects to a motor unit the misocen holds the actin

Question 41

parallel (non-fusiform)

Answer 41

length of fascicles runs parallel to the long axis of the muscles

Question 42

parallel (fusiform)

Answer 42

the muscle belly is wider than the origin and insertion, cant generate high forces that pennate muscles can

Question 43

pennate

Answer 43

fibers that are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Question 44

unipennate

Answer 44

fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon

Question 45

mulitpennate

Answer 45

looks like many feathers side by side

Question 46

direct injuries

Answer 46

the result of an external force and can be caused by colliding with someone

Question 47

indirect injuries

Answer 47

usually caused by a sudden change of either direction or intensity where the force required is greater then the load.

Question 48

sprain

Answer 48

grade 1: mild damage to the ligament
grade 2: considered partial tear of the ligament
grade 3:complete tear of the ligament