PE of the Eye Flashcards
blockage of nasolacrimal sac
dacrystenosis
infection of lacrimal sac
dacryocystitis
yellowing of the conjunctiva
jaundice
inflammation of the conjuctiva
conjunctivitis
caused by corneal injury/infection, acute iritis or acute glaucoma
ciliary injection
worrisome pattern of blood vessels radiating from the center of the eye
ciliary injection
bleeding between conjunctivita and sclera
subconjuctival hemorrhage
inflammation of sclera
keratitis
inflammation of iris
uveitis (iritis)
fibrous nodule in the eye
pinguecula
triangular growth in the eye, it will continue to grow and obscere the vision
pterygium
older people have these in their eyes, forms a line or ring around the iris
corneal arcus
4 types of cataracts
Nuclear
Peripheral
Polar
Sutural
type of cataracts that is in the center of the lengs
nuclear
type of cataracts that is in the edge of the lens
peripheral
type of cataracts that is a tiny dot in the lens, common in children
polar
type of cataracts that has lines in the lens
sutural
a rapidly developing cancer that develops from the immature cells in the retina, the light detecting cells of the eye.; most common malignant tumor of the eye in children
Retinoblastoma
death of the optic nerve fibers leads to loss of the tiny disc vessels; appearance is color of white, tiny disc vessels absent, seen in optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, and temporal arteritis
optic atrophy
elevated intracranial pressure causes intraaxonal adema along the optic nerve, leading to engorgement and swelling of the optic disc
Papilledema
The optic disc appears color pink, often with loss of venous pusations, disc vessels more visible, more numerous, curve over the borders of the disc; disc swollen with margins blurred, the physiologic cup is NOT visible
Papilledema
What is papilledema usually seen in?
intracranial mass, lesion, or hemorrhage, meningitis
incraesed pressure within the eye leads to increased cupping (backward depression of the disc) and atrophy. the base of the enlarged cup is pale
glaucomatous cupping
The appearance of the optic disc = physiologic cup is enlarged, occupying more than half of the dis’s diameter, at times extending to the edge of the disc. Retinal vessels sink in and under it, and may be displaced nasally
Glaucomatous cupping
marked arteriolar-venous crossing changes are seen, especially along the inferior vessels. Copper wiring of the arterioles is present. A cotton wool spot is seen just superior to the disc. Incidental disc drusen are also present.
Hypertensive Retinopathy
*incidental disc drusen are also present but are unrelated to the hypertension
patches that are white or grayish, ovoid lesions with irregular “soft” borders. They are moderate in size but usually smaller than the disk. They result from infarcted nerve fibers. Seen in hypertension and many other conditions
Soft Exudates: Cotton Wool Patches
yellowish round spots that vary from tiny to small. the edges maybe soft or hard. They are haphazardly distributed but may concentrate at the posterior pole between the optic disc and the macula. Appears in normal aging but may also accompany various conditions, including age-related macular degeneration
Drusen
T/F When inspecting the vessels of the eye you should follow the vessels peripherally in each of the four directions, noting their relative sizes and the character of the arteriovenous crossing.
true
What should you identify about the retina when inspecting the eye?
identify any lesions of the surrounding retina and note their size,shape, color, and distribution.
Leions of the retina can be measured in terms of _____ from the optic disc?
dic diameters
full ophthalmic HX includes:
CC: i.e. “VA loss”; family HX, past trauma, SX, chronic dz’s, pt’s occupation, activities/ hobbies, type of lenses they wear: none, glasses, CLs, and allergies (systemic & local to eyes)
Eye Exam
Visual Acuity (VA) Visual Fields (VF) Position and Alignment of the Eyes Eyebrows Eyelids Lacrimal Apparatus Conjuctiva and Sclera Cornea and Lens Iris Pupils Extraocular Muscles Opthalmoscopic exam (slit lamp exam)
snellen chart
E chart
20/20 means
a NL person and read that size font from 20 ft away vs. 20/200 means a person can read at 200 ft. what a NL person can read at 20ft.
myopia
nearsightenedness (- prescription) : you see better close up than far away; i.e. you need glasses to see the board
hyperopia
“farsightedness” (+ prescriptive lenses) : you see better “far away” than close up; i.e. you need glasses to read a book in front of you
presbyopia
a loss of the lens’s ability to curve and accommodate near VA
Visual Field (VF) (testing confrontations of pt)
: check 8 quadrants, be at eye level with the pt, be 1 meter away from the pt,
Homonymous Hemianopia
Visual loss in both eyes is similar and involves the left or right half of each field; vertical VF loss; involves Optic tract or Optic Radiation defect
Bitemporal Hemianopia
Visual loss involves the temporal half of each field; horizontal VF loss; involves Optic chiasm defect; typical for pituitary tumors
Homonymous Quadrantic Defect
Visual loss involves the same fourth of the visual field in both eyes; involves partial lesion of optic radiation
When examining the iris, what are two things to look for?
Contour and Brushfield spots
What do Brushfield spots indicate?
They are white spots that suggest Down Syndrome
What are 4 things to observe when examining the pupils?
size
symmetry
shape
reactions to light
