Pe component 1 Flashcards
What is flexion
Decrease angle at a joint
bending and arm or leg
What is extension
Increase angle at a joint
the elbow when throwing a shot put
what is abduction
movement away from middle of body
what is adduction
movement toward middle of body
returning arms and legs back to their original position from a jumping jack movement
What is plantar flexion
pointing of toes
Dorsi flexion
pulling toes towards shins
What is rotation
movement around a point
what is circumduction
movement in a circle
Joints for movement
for example joints at the elbow allows the arm to bend and straighten creating movement allowing player to catch the ball
Blood production
plasma / platelets / red and white blood cells
for example if you have a cut during the game white blood cells will help fight off disease and the platelets will form a scab
Muscle attachment
for example muscles in legs contract to pull on a bone causing leg to move allowing them to kick
protection of vital organs
for example allows vital organs to be protected so if they are tackled rib cage will protect the heart and lungs
Mineral storage
both calcium and phosphorus keeps bones strong reducing the risk of bones breaking when a player is tackled hard
long term effect - - increased tidal volume
an increase in tidal volume and vital capacity allows more oxygen to be taken into lungs more co2 to be removed
long term effect - increased number of alveoli - respiratory
more alveoli means that more oxygen can be exchanged between alveoli and capillaries and co2 removed therefore an athlete can work aerobically for longer
long term effect - increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles - respiratory
all adaptations to the respiratory system allow more oxygen can be breathed in and transported to working intercostal muscles
long term effect - increase size of muscles - muscular system
slow and fast twitch will get bigger
long term effect - increased muscular strength - muscular
increase in strength will allow us to produce more force in aerobic activity
long term effect- increased tolerance to lactic acid - muscular
an increase in tolerance to lactic acid allows to muscles to carry on exercising at a high intensity without getting tired
long term effect - increased bone density - skeletal
weight bearing activities lead to stronger bones less chance of injury and osteoporosis
long term effect - increased strength of tendons and ligaments - skeletal
stronger ligaments and tendons means that joints and more stable and less likely to have an injury of tendon
short terms of exercise - respiratory system
tidal volume - amount of air inhaled per breath
minute ventilation- amount of air inhaled and exhaled per minute
frequency - no. of breaths taken per minute
vital capacity - amount of exhaled air after a capacity inhalation = temperature and sweat rate increases
short terms of exercise - muscular system
lactic acid - as muscles temperature and lactate production increase this causes increased fatigue
short terms of exercise - cardio vascular system
-cardiac output - amount of blood pumped out per min
-number of beats per min will increase
-stroke volume increase
-cardiac output will also increase
-as there is a high volumes of blood pumping around blood pressure increase
equations for cardiac output
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Q= SV x HR
what is plyometric training
a form of interval training using exercises against a resistance
improves muscular endurance
What is weight training
high intensity explosive exercises where the muscles is lengthened and then rapidly shortened
improves muscular strength
what is circuit training
performing a series of station with different exercises a form of interval training with rest between exercises perform each exercises set number of reps and sets.
improves cardiovascular
What is continuous training
taking part in physical activity such as running or swimming for an extended period of time without rest
improves cardio vascular
What is fartlek training
training continuously with no rest but with variety of speed incline and terrain
improves cardio vascular
what is interval training
consists of periods of intense work followed by periods of rest
improves speed
component of fitness - skill related
agility - ability to change direction at speed under control
balance - ability to keep body steady both when static and moving
coordination - ability to move 2 or more parts together
power - ability to combine strength and speed
reaction time - amount of time taken to respond to a stimulus
speed - rate at which your body or part of body can perform a movement
components of fitness - health related
cardio vascular - ability to work the entire body for a long time without tiring
muscular endurance - ability to work voluntary muscles repeatedly without tiring
muscular strength - amount of force a muscle can exert to overcome resistance
flexibility- range of movement possible at joint
body composition - the % of the body that is muscles and fat
benefit to performance - doping
increase number of blood cells
benefit to performance - pain killers
allows performer to complete on injury
benefit to performance- stimulants
-improves concentration
- increases energy
benefit to performance - beta blockers
-reduces heart rate
- steadier hand
benefit to performance - anabolic steroids
-reduces recovery time between injury
- increases muscle mass
benefit to performance- diuretic
increases weight loss by losing body fluid - urine
benefit to performance- testosterone
-reduces recovery time from injury’s
- increases metabolism to burn fat
- increase muscle mass
benefit to performance-EPO
increase number of red blood cells
consequence on health - doping
- kidneyfailure
- risk of HIV
- blood clot risk
consequence on health - painkillers
- addiction
- lack of concentration
- injury becomes worse
consequence on health - stimulants
- addiction
- increase heart rate / blood pressure
- aggression
consequence on health - beta blockers
heart attacks
consequence on health - anabolic steroids
- risk of liver damage
- increase blood pressure
increase aggression / depression
consequence on health- diuretic
- risk of dehydration
- heart failure
- kidney failure
consequence on health - testosterone
- risk of joint pain and muscle pain
- risk of swelling
consequence on health - EPO
- thicker blood
- heart attack
types of muscles - cardiac
- found only in heart
- automatically contract or relax
- electrical pulse
types of muscles - involuntary
- not under your control
- automatically contract or relax
- found in organ and blood vessel walls
- involved in redistribution of blood
types of muscles - voluntary
- under your control
- you chose when to contract or relax
- connect to skeleton
- involved in movement of body
bicep and triceps
this causes flexion/ extension at the elbow
Quadriceps and hamstrings
this causes flexion and extension at the knee
gluteals and hip flexors
this causes flexion and extension at the hip
Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius
this causes plantar flexion at the ankle
agonist and antagonist
agonist - muscles that shortens contracting muscle
antagonist - the muscles that lengthens muscle is relaxing
vascular shunting
the redistribution of blood where blood is directed from inactive to active.
vasodilation
is the widening of lumen within blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to active areas
vasoconstriction
is the narrowing of the lumen within blood vessels supplying oxygenated blood to inactive areas
cardio vascular functions - transport
carry’s o2 / glucose around body
within body - body has energy it needs whilst removing waste
cardio vascular functions - temperature control
blood vessels lumen vasodilates , blood is cooled when closer to skin
within body- body does not over heat causing confusion and headaches
cardio vascular functions - clotting
platelets stick together creating scabs and
preventing infection and blood loss
within the body- prevents common injuries becoming life threatening
plasma - 55%
water fluid that makes blood a liquid allowing to travel around body
white blood cells
fights disease and infections keeps athletes healthy
platelets -4%
heal wounds through scabs and blood clots prevent excessive blood loss and infection
red blood cells -41%
contain haemoglobin which binds with O2 and carries it around the body for aerobic exercise
health
state of complete physical mental and social well being
what is fitness
The ability to meet the demands of the environment
ligament
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
tendon
tissue that attaches a muscle to other body parts, usually bones
long term effect on exercise - cardio vascular system
staying fit increases the heart stroke volume
