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PHRM 100 – PDD > PDD Quiz Review > Flashcards

PDD Quiz Review Flashcards

1
Q

How can you determine if a compound is a weak acid or weak base based on pH and solubility?

A
  • weak acid: as pH
  • weak base: as pH increases, solubility decreases
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2
Q

What is intrinsic solubility (S0) on a graph of pH vs. solubility?

A

the plateau

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3
Q

What is an amphoteric drug?

A

has both acid and base properties

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4
Q

What key parameters can be modified in order to obtain a faster release and dissolution from a solid dosage form? (7)

A

(refer to dissolution rate (dM/dt) equation)

  • increasing surface area of drug particles
  • decreasing particle size
  • increasing solubility Cs of weak acids and bases
  • decreasing thickness h of the diffusion layer
  • agitating the dissolution medium
  • reducing concentration of drug in the bulk medium (Cb)
  • constantly removing dissolved drug
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5
Q

What is sodium metabisulphite used for? What could be the consequence of leaving it out?

A

antioxidant – has higher oxidative potential than the API and is preferentially degraded

  • leaving it out may impact stability of the API, especially if it is prone to degradation by oxidation
  • alternatives: sodium sulphite, sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate, ascorbic acid
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6
Q

Differentiate between the 3 types of dispersions.

A

colloids:

  • dispersed particles between 1-500 nm and scatter light
  • appear turbid if [API] is high enough

true solutions:

  • molecular dispersions with particles < 1 nm in diameter and do not scatter light
  • appear clear at all [API]

coarse:

  • dispersed particles > 500 nm
  • appear cloudy/turbid
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7
Q

How do you determine the order of a reaction?

A

the sum of the powers

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8
Q

What are the units for k0?

A

concentration/time

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9
Q

What is shelf-life?

A

time interval for a product to remain in the accepted specifics as the original

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10
Q

What is the shelf life if 5% degradation of a drug (zero order) is allowed?

A

t95

  • Ct = 95% (C0)
  • t95 = (0.05 C0)/k0
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11
Q

What are the units of k1?

A

1/time

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12
Q

Describe a graph following first order kinetics.

A

logCt (y) vs. time (x)

  • linear relationship
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13
Q

Describe a graph following zero order kinetics.

A

concentration (y) vs. time (x)

  • linear relationship
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14
Q

What are the 2 assumptions for pseudo-zero order reactions?

A
  • only soluble A molecule in the medium (ie. water) undergoes first order degradation (ie. hydrolysis)
  • drug A molecules in solid particles do not undergo hydrolysis/degradation until they are released/stabilized in the medium
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15
Q

What is the equation for k0?

A

k1 x S

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16
Q

Are suspensions formulations more or less stable than solution formations?

A

suspension formulation is always more stableQ

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17
Q

What does the Arrhenius equation tell us?

A

degradation rate constant is dependent on temperature

  • higher temperature – more collision of molecules, easier to reach sufficient energy
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18
Q

Where do pseudo zero order reactions occur?

A

in suspensions

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19
Q

What would you recommend to your patients before taking dispersions to ensure accurate dosing?

A
  • shake before using
20
Q

What happens to particles in O/W emulsions?

A

oil floats to the top because it is lighter than water

21
Q

According to Stoke’s law, how can the stability of a suspensions be increased? (3)

A
  • reduce size
  • minimize density difference
  • increase viscosity of medium – carboxymethylcellulose, methycellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, xanthan gum
22
Q

What do flocculating agents do?

A

added to aggregate solid particles into larger, loosely interacting particles to avoid formation of compact cake

23
Q

What is the function of sorbitol solution?

A

increase viscosity and palatability

24
Q

What is the function of syrup (80% sucrose) solution?

A

increase viscosity and palatability

25
Q

What is the function of glycerin? (2)

A
  • wetting agent – to help the drug particles to be suspended homogeneously
  • increase viscosity (thickening agent)
26
Q

What is the function of methyparaben?

A

preservative

27
Q

What is the function of propylparaben?

A

preservative

28
Q

What is the function of carboxymethylcellulose sodium?

A

thickening agent

29
Q

What is the function of citric acid?

A

flavouring agent

30
Q

What is the function of syrup? (2)

A
  • sweetener
  • thickening agent
31
Q

What is the function of propylene glycol?

A
  • wetting agent
  • thickening agent
32
Q

What is the function of sodium benzoate?

A

preservative

33
Q

What is the function of sorbitol? (2)

A
  • sweetener
  • thickening agent
34
Q

What is the function of sucralose? (2)

A
  • sweetener
  • thickening agent
35
Q

What is the function of xanthine gum?

A

thickening agent

36
Q

What are the purposes of inclufing a flocculating agent and a wetting agent in a suspension?

A

improve stability and dose uniformity

37
Q

Where are emulsifiers added?

A

at interface of each oil droplet in the emulsion

38
Q

What do emulsifying agents do?

A

prevents effusion of oil particles, separate oil droplets from each other to stabilize the formulation

39
Q

What are the advantages of O/W emulsions over oral oil? (3)

A
  • taste better – can also add lots of sweeteners or other flavouring agents in water phase
  • better absorption (oil as the API)
  • more efficacious
40
Q

What are the advantages of topical W/O emulsions vs. topical water solution (API soluble in water)? (3)

A
  • better efficacy/absorption
  • drug irritating to skin could be formulated in the dispersed phase
41
Q

Name some non-ionic surfactants.

A
  • cocamide
  • tween
  • alkyl polyethylene oxide
  • poloxamer
42
Q

Name some cationic surfactants.

A
  • cetylpyridine chloride
43
Q

Name some surfactants.

A
  • benzalkonium chloride
44
Q

What is lectin?

A

sugar binding protein

45
Q

What is EDTA?

A

chelating agent

46
Q

What is true about photolysis?

A
  • degradation can occur under sunlight
  • degradation can occur under room temperature
  • molecules containing pi bonds absorb light
  • pharmaceutical packaging can help protect from light

PHRM 100 – PDD (14 decks)

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