PDD Flashcards
Sprinkler Fusable Head Temperature is trigger between?
135 - 175 degrees
Flow detectors connect to an annunciation panel typically in what type of sprinkler system
Wet Pipe
Wet pipe sprinkler system
Most common and pipes filled with water
Dry Pipe
Pipes filled with air or nitrogen until sprinkler head activated
Pre action sprinkler
Delayed response for control of sprinklers
Sprinkler use types:
Standard residential
Extended coverage
Quick response
Early suppression fast response
Standpipes for fire suppression
Standpipes provide hose connection (150’ in no sprinkler/200 for sprinkler)
Candlepower
Power at the source of lighting
Lumen
Measures flux
Foot candle
Measures amount of light striking a surface
FootLambert
Measures reflected or transmitted brightness
Color temperature for lighting
Impacts appearance of light in space. Varies by use and precision.
The most stringent or restrictive building element related to fire safety
Fire wall
Fire barrier is about 1 hour resistant Fire partition is least
Number of Stories for shaft enclosures by hour rated
2 hours is 4 or more
1 hour is 3 or less
Smoke barrier characteristics
Can be vertical or horizontal
Can be a wall/floor/ceiling
Restrict movement of smoke
Often required in hospitals or medical facilities
Not required to be rated
Architect is responsible for the integration of the following?
MEP
Structure
Site Building
Specialty systems
What duct shape is most efficient?
Round
Vapor Barrier is located and used for
Prevent damage from condensing moisture. Needs to be installed on the warm side or room side of the wall.
What is the purpose of a vestibule in a high rise building
Provide an area of refuge and space for standpipe connections and fire department communications.
Max speed of an elevators is limited by
Building height. Which needs space to speed up and down. Can move about 300-1800 feet per minute
How to prevent electrolysis
Separate all reactive metals with building felt or other non-conductive material such as mastic, building paper or other material.
Door Swing defined
Hand refers to the side the hinges are on and reverse indicates swing direction if towards a person standing at the door.
Proprietary Specs
Specs that uses specific name of manufacturers products
Relationship between resistance to heat flow through a material
Inverse of each other R=1/C
Bending moment of a retaining wall
Bending moment = Earth Pressure x Height/3
Earth pressure (Area of a triangle) = Soil pressure x height/2
Soil pressure = pressure x height
Result of excessive hard water
Steel pipe will plug up with deposits.
Deflection for beams
Live load = L/360
Total load =L/240
Thermal expansion equation
Coefficient of expansion X Length X delta in temperature
Foundation Pressure
Foundation Pressure = P(load)/A(area of footing)
Clayey Sand Soil foundation Pressure
2000 PSF
Lift rate of water
2.3 ft/psi
Section Modulus
S=M(moment)/Fb(design value)
Lightweight concrete benefits
Provides good thermal insulation
Resistance to fire
Simple Beam Moment Equation
wL^2/8
Required Plastic Section Modulus for Steel
Z=Mx1.67(factor of safety for bending)/yield stress(Fy)
Tons per Btuh
1 ton = 12000 Btuh
Accidental Torsion
Assumed to be displaced a distance equal to 5% in each direction
Internal Stress (expansion delta due to change in temperature)
P/A=coefficient of expansion x modulus of elasticity x change in temperature
How do Internal Forces Act
Internal forces act in the opposite direction from assumed forces.
Bulb Size Diameter
R rating x 1/8” = diameter
R-40 x 1/8” = 5” bulb
Angle load in tension
Find the length of the support in tension (Pythagorean theory) then divide by the vertical span and multiply by load supported (half the load if two points at top)
Torsional Stress
Occurs with rigid diaphragm when the center of mass doesn’t coincide with center of rigidity
U-Value, K-value and R value, C value
R=1/K for material
R=1/U for overall building section
C=1/R for materials conductance
R is resistance to heat transfer
U is overall coefficient of heat transfer
K coefficient of heat transfer per inch of material
ASTM steel standards
Letter is type of material or process
A36 most common carbon steel
A500 carbon steel
A242 is corrosion-resistance, high strength, low alloy steel
A572 is high strength, low alloy steel not corrosion resistant
Wattage Rating
P(wattage rating) = V(volts) x I (current) x power Factor
V=I x R(resistance=ohms)
To avoid electrolysis
Pick materials as close to each other on galvanic action chart.
Calculate Moment of R(right)
Moment = 0 = Sum of (load x distance) including R(left) x distance solve for R(left)
Sound dB impacts
Double distance = -6dB
Double volume = +3dB
Energy Transfer Wheel
Transfers heat between two air streams (such as incoming and exhaust) to cool or heat air accordingly
Gust effect factor for rigid structures
0.85
Illumination
E=candlepower/area
Hydrated Lime in mortar
Increased water and workability
Deflection in a steel beam
L^3/EI
I = moment of Inertia. Increase to reduce deflection
Plywood grades
N - natural and free of defects
A - smooth and paintable
B - Solid Surface Veneer
Cplugged - limited splits and holes. Less than 1/2”
C - limited splits and holes (1” or less) minimum for exterior grade
D - limited splits and knotholes up to 3”
Sound absorption Equation
Sum of Total area of each surface multiplied by its respective coefficients
Moment of a steel beam
=(weight psf x span^2)/8
Dead Load Resisting Moment Factor
1.5 times the overturning moment
Common size of brick
3-5/8 thick by 2-1/4 tall by 7-5/8 long
Noise Criterion Curves
NC curves allow for greater sound pressure levels permitted at lower frequencies
Max vertical force for gravity and seismic overturning
= load on member + overturning moment
Over turning moment = overturning moment divided by the diagonal in vertical for a 4 leg structure (2 legs in the diagonal) distance
Moment of inertia
I = bd^3/12
Dew point
The point were air can hold no more pressure.
Deflection formula for simply loaded beam
5wl^4/(384EI)
Strap footing
A footing for two columns that is somewhat far
Area of beam
(1.5*Vmax)/fv
Vmax is max sheer
Fv is allowable sheer
Ceramic glass
Best used for areas exposed to fire hazards
Flexure
Asfy/.85fc*b
Total Resistance
RT=1/(1/R1+….)
Cantilever Truss
Top chord in tension
Bottom chord in compression
Diagonal all have zero stress
Vertical all have zero stress
Division 00
Procurement and Contracting
Division 01
General Requirements ( coordinate with owner-architect and owner-contractor agreements)
Division 02
Existing Conditions
Division 03
Concrete
Division 04
Masonry
Division 05
Metals (Structural Steel)
Division 06
Wood, Plastics and Composites
Division 07
Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 08
Openings
Division 09
Finishes
Division 10
Specialties - Typically installed manufactured items (bathroom dividers, display boards, lockers, corner guards, etc…)
Division 11
Equipment (Building Specific - Kitchen equipment, teller stations, vaults, refuse equipment, etc…)
Division 12
Furnishings
Division 13
Special Construction (Swimming pool, kennel, athletic court, security vault (a building/room or large element that is its own room or something freestanding)
Division 14
Conveying Equipment
Division 21
Fire Supression
Division 22
Plumbing
Division 23
HVAC
Division 25
Integrated Automation
Division 26
Electrical
Division 27
Communications
Division 28
Electronic Safety and Security
Division 31
Earthwork
Division 32
Exterior Improvements
Division 33
Utilities
Division 34
Transportation
Division 35
Waterway and Marine Construction
Division 40
Process Interconnections
Division 41
Material Processing/Handling
Division 42
Process Heating/Cooling/Drying
Division 43
Process Gas/Spec Gas
Division 44
Pollution and Waste Control
Division 45
Industry-Specific Manufacturing
Division 46
Water and Wastewater Equipment
Division 48
Electrical Power Generation
Items not in spec
Contractural elements - payment, insurance, etc
Construction Schedules
Environmental or Site surveys/Assessments
Boring Logs
Electronic Instruments of Service
Spec Section Format
Part1 - General (includes delivery, storage, handling of materials)
Part2 - Product info
Part3 - Execution (the how to install, quality control, cleaning
Leed/Sustainability Specifications
Identified in division 01
Includes - Project Sustainability Goals and associated certifications if applicable, Required submittals and prep documents, tests and hazardous material and chemicals, related definitions, product certifications, packaging requirements, construction activity related controls.
GreenFormat
CSI method to organize sustainable information
Spec Standards
Specify either desired result or product
Must be measurable
Avoid placing burden on one party
Avoid ambiguous (and/or, etc)
Keep concise
One idea per paragraph
Polymer-Modified mineral-based EIFS systems
Have high impact resistance and provide good insulation
Ionization-type Fire Dectectors
Have a measure chamber, need to be replaced every 5 years and work best at the incipient stage of a fire. Not good for kitchens and welding shops as they put particles in the air.
Required Accuracy of details
Property Lines are most important due to legal concerns, column lines are important for layout
cabinets are detailed oriented, exposed finishes require more precision than hidden.
Who is responsible for overall project coordination
The Architect
Where are Submittal Procedures Defined
Defined in Division 1
Fireplace Restrictions
Hearth must be 16” unless opening is 6 SF or greater when it must be 20” deep
hearth must extend 12” on either side of opening
Heating Degree Days
Equal to the delta per day of the average temperature vs the base temperature, when colder than the base.
Impervious Material
almost no absorption
Factor Of Safety against Sliding
Sliding Resistance/Total Force to Cause
(Total Vertical Load x coefficient of friction)/(average horizontal load (triangle) x height of wall)
How to use a resistor
Placing a resistor in series with the 12-V outlet would create the necessary voltage drop
Live Load Reduction
not permitted in place of public assembly
permitted when the member supports more than 150 SF
Equation is .08(Supporting Area-150SF)
Live Load Reduction
not permitted in place of public assembly
permitted when the member supports more than 150 SF
Equation is .08(Supporting Area-150SF)
Dead Load Resisting Moment
Equation is Dead load X distance from center of load to the column(s) in question
Vermiculite
Added to plaster to enhance fire resistance in plaster mix
Reinforced Concrete Column Area Ratio
Area of longitudinal reinforcement must be at least 1% of the cross-section area of a column
Residential Use Groups
R1 - Transient (hotels
R2 - Apartments/Live-Work/Dorms
R3 - Not R1/R2 and no more than 2 units
R4 - Rehab/Group Homes/Adult Care Facilities
Assembly Groups
A1 - Performing Arts/Motion Pictures
A2 - Eating and Drinking
A3 - Recreation
A4 - Activities that must include spectator seating
Better insulating Value
Higher the R-Value or lower the U-Value the better
Lumber Grain Grade
Plain saw lumber has more grain than rift or quarter
Cantilevered reinforced concrete slab thickness calculation
h=L/10
Area of Glazing Permitted in a Class B Labeled Fire Door
100 square inches
Hollow Structural steel types
ASTM A500 and ASTM A847
Examples of construction systems or materials standardized by national private industry groups
Single-ply Membrane Roof Systems
Fire Rated wall assemblies
construction of wood doors
sheet metal
For electrical - what approval is required to deviate from industry standard
Underwriters Labatory
Lath and Plaster Construction accessories
Plaster Grounds
Corner Bead
Metal Plaster Beads
drip screed
compartmentation of building requirements
Area of Refuge
Smoke Control
Fire Sprinklers
Fire Alarm
What element is unique to balloon framing
The Ribbon
Masonry Wall Types
Veneer
Reinforced Hollow
Cavity
Military Project standardized Specification resource
Unified Facilities Guide Specifications
Most common type of Steel Used
ASTM A992 with yield of 50ksi
Concrete Properties
Cement
Aggregates
Water
Most critical factor for strength of concrete
water-cement Ratio
Concrete Tests
Slump Test - Consistency of the concrete (at jobsite)
Cylinder Test - Compressive strength
Core Cylinder Test - Done post installed
Concrete Safety Factor Basic Formula
U = 1.2D(dead load) + 1.6L (Live Load)
Unreinforced Masonry Wall Max Height Ratios
Solid - 20x
Hollow - 18x
Wind Load Force
Diaphragm - Tension on the receiving side and compression on the opposite.
Beam - Tension in bottom flange and compression in top.
Total Shear Force for wind equation
Vs = f(total load #/F)x(Length of wall) / 2
Total Load is Windward and leeward load at diaphragm (ex - roof). sum of Force x H/2 for both
Unit stress (v) = Vs/d(depth)
Response of a building and Period
Period is the time for one complete oscillation of a building
How many exits have to be accessible per the IBC
if more than one exit, at least two have to be accessible.
What doors need to be identifiable to the touch per accessibility requirements
Doors leading to hazardous areas will have textured handles
Minimum slope away from buildings
5% for a minimum of 10’
Assembly Space is followed for how many people
50 or more people
Safe Harbor selection is for what situation
Fair Housing Act
Radon is a concern at what level
4 pCi/L or greater
Horizontal Deflection in plywood span to depth ratio
4:1
Means of Egress
Exit Access
Exit
Exit Discharge
Steiner Tunnel Test
Flame-spread rating
Reinforced Concrete Cantilevered Slab Thickness Equation
h=L/10 (Convert to inches if needed)
Standards for Preservation
Used as was historically or a new use that maximizes retention
historic character will be retained and preserved
Property to be recognized as a physical record of its time
Previous changes with historic significance will be retained and preserved
Archeological resources will be protected/preserved
Chemical or Physicals Treatments will be undertaken to preserve unless causes damage
Existing conditions to be evaluated to determine appropriate intervention
Standards for Reconstruction
Depict vanished or non surviving
Includes Landscape or building
Includes measures to preserve any materials or features or spatial relationships
Based on accurate duplication of historic features and elements
Identified as contemporary re-creation
Designs never executed historically will not be constructed.
Secretary of the Interior dictates what
Guidelines for Historic Property preserving, rehab, restore and construction
Project Cost Estimate Methods
Parameter Method - Based on Costs and Units
Matrix Costing - SOV - Every material has line item cost
Unit Cost Method - Detailed actual costs of all items - All labor and material for 20000 bricks to install
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Not a LCA (Assessment - Environmental Impact)
Helps determine material costs and if initial savings makes sense in the long run.
CM’s Responsibility related to cost
To provide cost analysis
What method for x-bracing reduces costs in taller structures
One Brace stressed in tension while the other is not
Economizer Cycle does what
Introduces outdoor air when possible to assist with cooling
Circuit Vent Location in Plumbing
Prior to the last downstream fixture
Where does a capillary break go?
Between the slab and the insulation
2-hour rating in a townhouse setting (independent structures)
2-hour per each separate wall, 2 layers for 2 hour
Estimating Method at 85%
Labor and Materials is recommended.
Sound Absorption Material Location
Opposite the source
Reverberation Time
The time required for a sound to decay 60db in a space
Disconnect Protection for motor loads is often set higher for the following reason
To Permit the motor to start
Descriptive Specs don’t do what
Describe the end result
Standardized Levels of finish in gypsum wallboard refer to what
Number of coats of joint compound used.
Masonry Joints that need repair by adding fresh mortar while mortar is still green is called what?
Pointing
Buildings are designed to do what related to water penetration
Resist or no suction
