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328 > PD > Flashcards

PD Flashcards

1
Q

Basic pathophysiology of PD

A

degeneration of the dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra

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2
Q

Unilateral symptoms are generally indicative of what stage of PD

A

stage 1

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3
Q

what two symptoms indicate stage 3

A

loss of balance

slowness of movement

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4
Q

4 common motor signs of PD

A
  1. Bradykinesia
  2. resting tremor
  3. Rigidity
  4. reduced postural control
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5
Q

3 key points when to make an observation of someone with PD

A
  1. whilst not moving
  2. whilst moving
  3. symptom response under increasing demand
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6
Q

what two main factors contribute to issues with retropulsion ?

A
  1. Postural changes

2. Bradykinesia

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7
Q

Two types of Rigidity

A
  1. Lead pipe

2. Cog wheel

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8
Q

3 key considerations fo Ax and Rx in PD

A
  1. falls
  2. Gait
  3. Balance
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9
Q

what are the 5 core areas for PT to address in PD

A
  1. Physical capacity
  2. Transfers
  3. manual activities
  4. Balance/falls
  5. Gait
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10
Q

Examples of PD-specific programs (3)

A
  1. LSVT BIG
  2. PD warrior
  3. PWR
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11
Q

Define Dyskinesia

A

Overactivity of muscles

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12
Q

Pd is characterised by a disturbance of the central _______ pathway from the ________ _______ to the _______

A

Dopaminergic
Substantia Nigra
Striatum

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13
Q

What is often the first clinical sign of PD

A

Tremor

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14
Q

Is tremor more common unilaterally or bilaterally

A

Unilaterally

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15
Q

Define Hypokinesia

A

Reduced amplitude of movement

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16
Q

Increased cadence in PD is likely a compensation for what gait alteration

A

Poor stride length

17
Q

Postural instability in PD, can be broadly characterised by two groups, what are they

A
  1. An efferent deficit

2. an afferent deficit

18
Q

list 3 common cognitive deficits in PD

A
  1. Attentional deficit
  2. Executive function
  3. Memory
19
Q

List 4 commonly used Pharmoacological treatments for PD

A
  1. Levodopa
  2. COMT inhibitors
  3. MAO inhibitors
  4. Dopamine agonists
20
Q

List 1 measure to assess balance confidence in a PD patient

A

Falls efficacy scale-international

21
Q

Define Dystonia

A

Sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements

22
Q

The Hoehn and Yahr scale divides patients into categories based off two primary issues, what are they?

A
  1. Unilateral versus bilateral

2. The absence, presence and severity of balance/gait difficulties

23
Q

What type of scale is the Hoehn and Yahr

A

Categorical

24
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1 of the H&Y scale for PD

A

Mild symptoms, do not interfere with daily activities, generally one side of the body

25
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 1.5 of the H&Y scale for PD

A

Progression to unilateral presentation, with axial involvement `

26
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 of the H&Y scale for PD

A

Bilateral impairments, no balance impairments

27
Q

What test results indicate a score of 2.5

A

able to recover from a pull test

28
Q

What are the two key factors indicating a stage 3 on the H&Y scale

A

Evidence of postural instability

Physically independent

29
Q

Key factor indicating a 4 on the H-Y scale

A

may remain ambulant but needs an assistive device

30
Q

What are the two types of movement strategy training

A
  1. Cueing (visual and auditory)

2. Attentional

31
Q

Common gait deviations in Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Festination 
Freezing of gait (FOG)
Short step length - increased cadence
Poor BOS with COM anteriorly displaced (postural changes)
Reduced heel strike during initial contact
Reduced trunk rotation and arm swing
Retropulsion
Slow or absent righting reactions
Slow gait (Bradykinesia)
Turning difficulties
Increased time in double limb support

328 (6 decks)

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