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PCM Flashcards

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1
Q

name the deficiency: required for synthesis of opsin and conversion of retinol to retinal; deficiency will compromise visual cycle; may resuult in corneal edema conjunctivitis and xerosis

A

zinc deficiency

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2
Q

name the def: contributes to age-related macular degeneration, leading cause of registered blndess in western pop. _______ lower in smokers. ___________ can’t be synth. by body, dietary intake in green leafy vegetables, orange/yellow fruits and veggies and in breast milk

A

lutein deficiency

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3
Q

name the 3 vitamins required for glutathione

A

niacin, riboflavin and vitamin C

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4
Q

cataracts are more common in what populations?

A

low income groups
smokers
those exposed to direct sunlight

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5
Q

________ important for the integrity of conjunctiva; deficiency results in blockage of sebaceous glands of the eyelids

A

riboflavin

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6
Q

_______ deficiency causes deficiency of the EOMS?

A

thiamine

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7
Q

__________ deficiency causes demyelination of optic nerve (seen in heavy smokers and drinkers, and in tapeworm)

A

vitamin B12 deficiency

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8
Q

disease that has cholesterol deposits within the cornea

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

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9
Q

most rapid period of brain growth occurs from mid gestation at 20 wks to __________ months after birth

A

18 months

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10
Q

the transporter that moves glucose across the BBB is not responsive to what?

A

insulin

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11
Q

__________ ingestion reduces glucose transport into the brain, which contributes to the depressive effect of alcohol on the CNS

A

alcohol

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12
Q

during starvation, brain adapts to use of ketone bodies derived from fat breakdown for energy, by inducing what?

A

by inducing a ketone body transporter across the BBB

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13
Q

ketones can be elevated by ___________ diet, used by some to treat seizures as they are believed to reduce neuronal excitability esp. in children

A

ketogenic diet (high in fat)

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14
Q

_______ proteins are resistant to digestion

A

most

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15
Q

how many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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16
Q

energy used in protein synthesis accounts for ________ % of basal metabolic rate

A

12%

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17
Q

there is no functional store of ________

A

amino acids

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18
Q

the carbon skeleton of amino acids is converted to what two things with release of ATP (esp. in liver)

A

CO2 and water

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19
Q

term that provides an indication of how BG levels change after ingesting different carbs

A

glycemic index

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20
Q

name foods with high glycemic index

A 
bread
rice
bananas
glucose
sucrose
soft drinks
raisins
honey
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21
Q

low glycemic index

A 
apples
grapefruit
peaches
plums
beans
milk
yogurt
ice cream
fructose
tomato soup
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22
Q

____________ in large intestine is acted upon by bacterial flora, process of fermentation releases short-chain fatty acids

A

soluble fiber

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23
Q

proprionic and acetic acids are metabolized in the ________

A

liver

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24
Q

_____________ is used by gut colonocytes as an essential source of energy

A

butyric acid

25
Q

multiplication of the bacteria flora has what effect on stools?

A

increases bulk and water content

26
Q

________ reaches the colon unchanged and is not fermented by bacteria

A

insoluble fiber

27
Q

what is the function of insoluble fiber?

A

to hold water

28
Q

insoluble fiber together with _____________, the intra-colonic mass is greater and leads to increased peristaltic action which increases speed of movement of the colon contents

A

large bacterial mass

29
Q

monosaccharides do not require __________ prior to absorption in the small intestine

A

digestion

30
Q

name the 3 sugar alcohols that are used as sweetening agents in the food industry

A

sorbitol
mannitol
xylitol

31
Q

what are the 2 valuable properties of sugar alcohols?

A
  1. absorbed from the gut and metabolized to glucose more slowly, delaying the rise in BG
  2. not fermented by mouth bacteria, fewer dental carries; seen in chewing gum
32
Q

term for maladaptive pattern of use w/i a 12 month period manifested by one or more of the following: failure to fulfill major role obligations, use in physically dangerous situations, related legal probs, continued use despite persistent social or personal probs

A

substance abuse disorder

33
Q

substance dependence disorder dx: maladaptive use leading to 3 or more of the following in a 12 month period (name them)

A 
tolerance
withdrawal
larger amount of substance
unable to cut down
time spent to obtain substance
impaired performance
use despite physical and psychological problems
34
Q

definition: implies permanent structural changes have taken place in the brain

A

substance addiction

35
Q

dependence implies ___________ changes

A

reversible

36
Q

if drug is addictive then it must have the ability to facilitate the ___________ system

A

dopaminergic-glutamatergic system

37
Q

the change with synaptic plasticity results in increased sensitivity to environmental or ___________ triggers which can overwhelm the pt’s motivated conscious desire to abstain

A

endogenous

38
Q

what do you ask about first when taking a substance abuse history?

A

ask about socially acceptable first such as caffeine and nicotine

39
Q

what does RAPS4 stand for?

A 
Remorse
Amnesia
Performance Interference
Starter/eye opener
 (more sensitive than CAGE)
40
Q

with early intervention technique what is the classic intervention?

A

to make pt overcome past denial in order for pt to realize their problem

41
Q

what is an example of biochemical feedback intervention?

A

malmo GGT study

42
Q

the Malmo GGT study screened what pts for increased GGT levels?

A

moderate drinkers

43
Q

Monthly GGT test for these pts with moderate drinking instead of heavy drinking- successful in ___% fewer days sick or absent from work, ____% fewer hospitalization days and ___% lower mortality in the 4 yr follow up periods

A

80%
60%
50%

44
Q

what % of people in the US experience an episode of depression in their lifetime

A

10%

45
Q

what is the ratio of women to men with depression?

A

2:1 due to increased incidence during the reproductive yrs

46
Q

once established, depression recurs in men and women with _________ frequency

A

equal

47
Q

regarding depression: after 1st episode __% of pts experience recurrence within 2 yrs unless on maintenance treatment; after 3rd episode, the rate of recurrence is ____%

A

50%

90%

48
Q

bipolar pts experience more freq. episodes of _____ than mania or hypomania

A

depression

49
Q

After any bipolar episode, the risk of recurrence increases from ____% at 1 yr to 90% at 3 yrs if mood stabilizing treatment is not continued

A

50%

50
Q

bipolar disorder may be revealed when ______ or ____ is started for major depression, during first few wks of treatment

A

SSRI or SNRI

51
Q

what are the 3 major categories of symptoms for PTSD?

A

intrusion
arousal
avoidance

52
Q

most typical PTSD for females?

A

rape or family violence

53
Q

most typical PTSD etiology for males?

A

PTSD after combat or accidence

54
Q

what is the status of urinary cortisol and NE in pts with PTSD?

A

low urinary cortisol and high NE

55
Q

are men or women more likely to develop PTSD?

A

women

56
Q

symptoms for somatoform disorders must begin prior to age _____

A

30 yrs

57
Q

what is a screening test for somatoform disorders? also: often have comorbidities and family hx

A

PHQ13

58
Q

what is the ratio of men to women with body dysmorphic disorder?

A

EQUAL

PSYCH (8 decks)

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