PC - Direct and Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy - Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the image of the fundus in direct vs MIO?

A

Direct - virtual

MIO - real

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2
Q

Which has the greater field of view, direct or MIO?

A

MIO

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3
Q

Which has the greater magnification, direct or MIO?

A

Direct

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4
Q

What is the visual limitation of direct vs MIO?

A

Direct - equator

MIO - beyond the equator

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5
Q

What is the purpose of various sized apertures?

A

Selected according to pupil sizes

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the fixation target aperture?

A

Measures eccentric fixation.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the slit beam aperture?

A

Highlights contours and an indicator for depth.

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8
Q

What is the red-free filter absorbed by, and and what can it differentiate? What does it localise, and allow visualisation of?

A

Absorbed b the RPE and haemoglobin
Allows differentiation of pigment/naevus from blood
Localises pigmentary lesions
Allows visualisation of the nerve fibre layer

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9
Q

What are 3 possibilities if you are unable to focus the fundus image?

A

Uncorrected high refractive error
Uncorrected astigmatism >1.50D
Media opacities

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10
Q

Name 4 potential problems during ophthalmoscopy, and how to address them.

A
Insufficient field of view
-move closer to the patient
Unable to visualise the fundus
-check alignment
-dilate
Unable to visualise macula
-direct patient to look at top edge of the light
-change aperture/intensity
Excessive reflections
-check alignment
-direct patient fixation
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11
Q

Describe the recording when conducting ophthalmoscopy.

A
R, L or BE
Dilated (drug and %) or undilated
Vitreous clear? Media clear?
C:D ratio, lamina cribrosa (visible, shape, orientation of pores), SVP, disc/cup margin distinct, peripapillary area (pigment, scleral crescent?)
NRR colour, ISNT rule?
AV ratio, calibre
RNFL - B/D/B observed
Macula (reflex?, NAD?, pigmentary changes)
Mid or periphery NAD?
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