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communicatiewetenschap > PBMU > Flashcards

PBMU Flashcards

1
Q

Four core characteristics of moral panics

A
  • uncertainty
  • public advocates
  • normative
  • presumably vulnerable groups
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2
Q

Three core answers from science

A
  • prevalence
  • causality
  • effect size
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3
Q

What happens when there is a new technology(4)

A
  1. panic creation
  2. political outsourcing
  3. wheel reinvention
  4. no progress; new panic
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4
Q

three types of presence

A
  • spatial presence
  • social (co)presence
  • self-presence
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5
Q

spatial presence

A

feeling of being there

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6
Q

social (co)presence

A

feeling of being there together with a social being

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7
Q

self-presence

A

feeling that the virtual body is the actual body

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8
Q

full-body-illusion

A

induces a feeling of owning a fake/virtual body

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9
Q

proteus effect

A

the behavior of an individual, within virtual worlds, is changed by the characteristics of their avatar

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10
Q

cognitive impenetrable

A

knowing it’s not real, doesn’t change anything, the sensation is there and you cannot undo it

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11
Q

three cues that suggest “this is not actually happening, but virtual”

A
  1. medium or interface is visible
  2. sensory info is odd or wrong (cannot grab)
  3. content is unlikely, implausible, unexpected
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12
Q

four examples of immediate self-presence effects

A
  • real body less relevant
  • less aware of real body
  • virtual body = real body = exposed
  • altered self-concept
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13
Q

methodological developments (5)

A
  1. experimental designs
  2. behavioral measures
  3. nuanced aspects of internet use
  4. heterogeneity
  5. machine learning analysis
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14
Q

affordances

A

inherent functional attributes of a particular object emerging in the relationship between actor and object

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15
Q

social comparison theory

A

we look to other people in our social environment for information about own performance and opinions to reduce uncertainty

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16
Q

upward comparison

A

comparing to those that are superior to us

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17
Q

downward comparison

A

comparing to those that are inferior to us

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18
Q

lateral comparison

A

comparing to those that are the same level to us

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19
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

in a social group, majority of individuals assume that most of the others are/think different in some way, whilst the truth is that they are more similar than they realize

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20
Q

hyper personal model of computer-mediated communication

A

communicating via mediated channels gives us more control over our self-presentation

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21
Q

displacement hypothesis

A

online communication displacing face-to-face communication, contributing loneliness

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22
Q

stimulation hypothesis

A

online communication enhances existing relationships and facilitates new ones, reducing loneliness

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23
Q

richer get richer hypothesis

A

individuals with high offline social networks are likely to use online social networking tools to benefit their social richness

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24
Q

poor get richer

A

individuals with low offline social networks are likely to use online social networking tools to make use of its affordances to compensating from social poorness

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25
Q

social capital

A

sum of resources, actual or virtual, available to an individual or a group through a durable network of relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition

26
Q

strong ties social capital

A

bonding social capital

27
Q

weak ties social capital

A

bridging social capital

28
Q

self-disclosure

A

the process of making the self, known to other persons

29
Q

self-presentation

A

the goal directed activity of controlling information to influence the impressions formed by an audience about the self

30
Q

social penetration theory

A

theory with the onion metaphor about self-disclosure

31
Q

self-disclosure in social virtual reality

A
  1. topics
  2. familiarity vs anonymity
  3. comfort and safety in sharing emotions and life experience
  4. personal details disclosure is complicated
32
Q

privacy paradox

A

people are concerned about their online privacy, yet avidly self-disclose online

33
Q

hyperbolic discounting

A

focusing on the benefits of self-disclosure that are obtained now, and minimizing the risks that will happen in a distant future

34
Q

phubbing

A

the act of prioritizing your phone over an offline social interaction

35
Q

what phubbing violates (2)

A
  1. norm
  2. social bond
36
Q

effects of phubbing in conversation (3)

A
  1. reduced self-disclosure
  2. people feel socially excluded (ostracism)
  3. negative appraisals
37
Q

FOMO

A

the pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent

38
Q

stages of relationships (5)

A
  1. starting relationship
  2. developing relationship
  3. maintaining relationship
  4. relationship problems
  5. ending relationship
39
Q

uniqueness of online dating (3)

A
  • access (large number of potential partners)
  • communication (communicate before meeting face-to-face)
  • matching (algorithms)
40
Q

paradox of choice

A

people are more likely to make choices, and happier with their choices, when they have fewer (but enough) options

41
Q

too many options can cause (3)

A
  1. preference uncertainty
  2. cognitive overload
  3. (anticipatory/post decision) regret
42
Q

goals for using tinder (3)

A
  1. relational goals
  2. intrapersonal goals (self-worth)
  3. entertainment goals
43
Q

dramaturgical approach

A

self-presentation is a performance, done by ‘performers’, who present themselves in front of an ‘audience’ that observes them

44
Q

ghosting

A

cutting off contact with partner and ignoring their communication

45
Q

consequences of ghosting(3)

A
  1. emotional responses
  2. well-being
  3. coping
46
Q

sexual harassment

A

unwelcome sexual advances or other conduct that targets someone based on their sex or gender, which may range from making suggestive or discriminatory comments to coercing someone to perform sexual acts

47
Q

consequences of sexual harassment(3)

A
  1. internalizing symptoms
  2. physical symptoms
  3. work-related
48
Q

coping strategies with sexual harassment in online gaming(5)

A
  1. gender masking
  2. avoidance
  3. denial
  4. seeking help
  5. self-blame
49
Q

cyberchondria

A

online health anxiety: an excessive and/or repetitive pattern of online health research that is associated with an increase in health anxiety or distress

50
Q

cyberloafing

A

deviant workplace behavior. any voluntary act of employees’ using their companies’ internet access during office hours to surf non-job-related websites for personal purposes and to check personal e-mail as misuse of the internet

51
Q

cyberslacking

A

a work-avoidance strategy that serves primarily as a means of expression workplace grievances, and to a lesser extent, as a source of personal gratification

52
Q

cyberprocrastination

A

the act of needlessly delaying tasks (by using/surfing the web) to the point of experiencing subjective discomfort

53
Q

online pornography

A

explicit, potentially stimulating portrayals of sexual activity on the internet in the form of photos and photo series, video clips and film, comics, and text

54
Q

triple A in internet porn

A
  • accessibility
  • anonymity
  • affordability
55
Q

motives for porn use (5)

A
  • sexual arousal
  • curiosity & information-seeking
  • intimacy and couple-related motives
  • coping
  • boredom
56
Q

spiral reinforcement model

A

media use may change our beliefs, attitudes, and those determine how we use media

57
Q

cyberbullying

A

any behavior performed through electronic or digital media by individuals or groups that repeatedly communicates hostile or aggressive messages intended to inflict harm or discomfort others

58
Q

4 important characteristics cyberbullying

A
  1. harmful intent
  2. repetition
  3. use of electronic or digital media
  4. power imbalance
59
Q

obstacles in seeking help when cyberbullied (3)

A
  1. afraid parents do the wrong thing
  2. thinking being worried is “kids behavior”, being ashamed
  3. afraid of restrictions of own freedom, internet uses
60
Q

bystander effect

A

individuals are less likely to intervene and help a victim when other bystanders are present

61
Q

4 types of bystander responses

A
  1. assistant (helps the bully)
  2. reinforcer (supports the bully)
  3. outsider (silent acceptance)
  4. defender (support the victim, inform parents/teachers)

communicatiewetenschap (4 decks)

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