Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BB2 PBLs > PBL1 - Parkinsons > Flashcards

PBL1 - Parkinsons Flashcards

1
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

Passive movements that show intermittent resistance as if cogs were moving agains one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Confirm Parkinson’s diagnosis by improvement when….

A

L-DOPA given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Basal ganglia: (5)

A 
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra 
Subthalamic nucleus 
(CPGSS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basal ganglia are concerned with …

A

Initiation and maintenance of motor actions

I.e. Decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Work with the ….. To scale the strength of the response

A

Supplementary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Basal ganglia work with the cerebellum to …

A

Modify movement minute-to-minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Striatum - input nuclei (+ntm)

A

Caudate and putamen

GLUTAMATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Output nuclei = (3)

A

Globus pallidus
Sunstantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Output nuclei project to the (2)

A

Ventral lateral and ventral anterior thalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Substantial nigra can be divided into -

A

Substantia nigra pars compacts (dopamine producing cells)
+
Substantia nigra pars reticulata (received input from the striatum and sends it outside the basal ganglia to control head and eye movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GPi or GPe is the major output nucleus from the basal ganglia to the thalamus?

A

GPinternal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Basal ganglia brake theory:

A

Remain still - inhibit all movements excepts reflexes that keep you still
Move - inhibit some postural reflexes and release voluntary ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basal ganglia - series or …. And … Loops which regulate movement.

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spiny Neurons are anatomically ….

A

Indistinguishable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spiny neurons hat express D1 project to the …

A

GPi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spiny Neurons that express D2 project to the …

A

GPe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Spiny Neurons receive input from the

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
D1 = excitatory / inhibitory
D2 = excitatory / inhibitory
A 
D1 = excitatory
D2 = inhibitory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When movement is required, SNpc = topically … And facilitated the … Pathway
This causes …. ….. As the …. Is inhibited, so they …..-…. Cells are free from inhibition

A 
Active 
Direct pathway
Double inhibition 
GPi
Thalamic-cortical cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Parkinson’s - decreased SNpc cells - the …. Pathway then becomes dominant
Leading to inhibition of the …. And decreased activity in the …. Projection

A

Indirect
Thalamus
Thalamocortical projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NTM:
Striatal Neurons are …… But are activated by …
Corticostriatal pathway and thalamocortial pathway use ….

A

GABAergic activated by dopamine

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

L-DOPA = converted to dopamine in the ….

A

Remaining dopaminergic cells in the brain

23
Q

MADOPAR

A

L-DOPA + peripheral decarboxylate inhibitory (benserazide) - prevents it being converted outside BBB

24
Q

Dopamine outside of the BBB stimulates…. Which causes….

A

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

nausea and vomiting

25
Complications of long term L-DOPA: | 4
``` Motor fluctuations (on/off phenomenon) Dyskinesia (impaired voluntary movement) Non motor complications (pins and needles, pain, autonomic dysfunction) Neuro-psychiatric complications (hallucinations, delirium, mood changes, hyper sexuality) ```
26
Dyskinesia can be split into ... (2) Due to ...
Chorea- like movements (hyperkinetic, purposeless dance like movements) Dystonia's (intense and sustained muscle contractions) Due to fluctuations in dopamine levels
27
Motor fluctuations =
On / off effect
28
New drugs to target L-DOPA dyskinesia ... (4)
A-2receptor antagonists, glutamate receptor antagonists (acting at AMPA, NMDA, Metabotrophic receptors), 5-HT 1a receptor antagonists, D4 receptor antagonists
29
Entacapone - ... | In conjunction with LDOPA good as ...
``` Inhibits COMT (catechlol-O-methyl-transferase) ... Alleviate long term problems of L-DOPA being short lived ```
30
Dopamine agonists (2)
Bromcriptine Pergolide (Less efficacy than LDOPA)
31
Rotigotine (2)
Dopaminergic agonist | Transdermal patch - 24 hr
32
Parkinson's co-morbidities (2)
Depression | Dementia
33
Initial Parkinson's treatment (before L-DOPA)
Dopaminergic agonists
34
Selegiline (3)
MAOb inhibitor Used to treat mild Parkinson's symptoms SE: agitation, hallucinations
35
Benztropine (2)
Anti-cholinergic drug | Treat mild Parkinson's symptoms
36
Amantadine (2)
Release dopamine | Treat mild Parkinson's symptoms
37
L-DOPA + .... - used and get less motor side effects
Selegiline
38
Vitamin E
Neuro protective effects, | Anti-oxidant (Parkinson's increases oxidative stress in nervous system)
39
``` Surgical treatment (not applicable if dementia, or depression present) (2) ```
DBS of Subthalamic nucleus OR Removal of global pallidus (pallidotomy)
40
Micrographia
Text gradually gets smaller
41
Parkinson's epidemiology (2)
Higher in smokers | Higher men than women
42
Nigrostrialtal pathway:
Substantial Nigeria - corpus striatum | Motor control
43
Mesolimbic pathway
VTA - nucleus accumubens and olfactory tubercle
44
Mesocortical pathway:
VTA - frontal cortex
45
Tuberoinfundibular pathway:
Arcuate nucleus - median eminence
46
Lack of dopamine chases (2)
Lack of FOF response | Constipation
47
D1 inhibits /activated adenyl cyclase | D2 inhibits / activated adenyl cyclase
D1 inhibits - activated direct pathway - facilitates medium spiny Neurons D2 activates - activates indirect pathway - inhibits spiny Neurons
48
Tyrosine .... (Enzyme 1 ) .... L-DOPA ... (Enzyme 2 ).... Dopamine
Tyrosine carboxylase | DOPA carboxylase
49
Dopamine transported by
VMAT 2
50
Dopamine degraded to ... By .... Or .....
DOPAC MAO Adenylate cyclase
51
Lewy bodies -
Intracellular aggregates of synuclein | Found in dopamine Neurons
52
What can cross the BBB nod is neurotoxic for dopaminergic Neurons?
MPTP | Methy phenyl tetraydropine
53
Tremor in Parkinson's is at ....
Rest!

BB2 PBLs (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions