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MBChB Glasgow Year 1 Phase 1 > PBL 5 > Flashcards

PBL 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A type of connective tissue

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2
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

A dense network of collagen or elastin, and the associated matrix materials which will provide strength and resilience.

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3
Q

What is the cartilage extracellular matric deposited by?

A

Chondroblasts, which mature into chondrocytes

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4
Q

Where do the chondrocytes sit in the extracellular matrix?

A

The spaces - lacunae

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5
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A sheet of connective tissue that covers the surface of most cartilage throughout the body

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6
Q

What are the classifications of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

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7
Q

What is hyaline cartilage composed of?

A

Fine type II collagen fibres bound together by a resilient gel like matrix material.

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8
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

The most abundant yet weakest cartilage

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

All over the body

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10
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

to provide flexability and support, reducing friction, and absorbing shock. It covers the articular surfaces of joints and provides support to the resp system

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11
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage in the foetus?

A

It forms a temporary skeleton, which is then gradually ossified.

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12
Q

What else does hyaline cartilage form?

A

The epiphyseal plates in growing long bones

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13
Q

What is fibrocartilage composed of?

A

Thick bundles of collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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14
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

The strongest cartilage in the body

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15
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

provides strength and rigidity

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16
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs, tendon attachment to bones, and the junctions between the flat bones of the pelvis

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17
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

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18
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Strong and elastic

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19
Q

What is elastic cartilage composed of?

A

A thread-like network of elastic and collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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20
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides and maintains the shapes of various structures

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21
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

The auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory meatus, and the epiglottis of the larynx

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22
Q

How is cartilage nourished?

A

Its avascular so is nourished through diffusion. There is no nerves in cartilage

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23
Q

What is bone?

A

A specialised type of connective tissue which has a mineralised extracellular component

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24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

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25
Q

What is the function of periosteum?

A

To nourish the tissue and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

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26
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Compact bone and spongy bone (trabecular or cancellous)

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27
Q

What are the differences between the two types of bone?

A

depend on the relative amount of solid matter and the number and size of the spaces they contain

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28
Q

What do all bones have?

A

A superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone (except where the spongy bone is replaced by a medullary cavity)

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29
Q

What happens in the medullary cavity and spicules of spongy bone of adult bone?

A

Blood cells and platelets are formed

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30
Q

What is the function of compact bones?

A

Provide strength for weight bearing in long bones, designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments

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31
Q

Where is most of the compact bone found?

A

Near the middle of the shaft (body) of the bone, where it has the most risk of buckling

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32
Q

What is the rigidity and elasticity of living bones like?

A

A little bit of elasticity (flexibility) and great rigidity (hardness)

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33
Q

What are the different shapes of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones

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34
Q

What are long bones?

A

Tubular structures (e.g. humerus and femur)

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35
Q

What are short bones?

A

Cuboidal structures (e.g. bones of the wrist and ankle)

36
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Serve protective functions - consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (e.g. skull)

37
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

round or oval bones that develop in tendons

38
Q

When do bone markings appear?

A

Wherever tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones

39
Q

How do other bone formations occur?

A

In relation to the passage of a tendon or to control the type of movement occurring at a joint

40
Q

What are the 4 main types of bone cells responsible for?

A

the formation, repair, development and destruction of bone

41
Q

What are the 4 main types of bone cells?

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

42
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Unspecialised mesenchymal cells.

43
Q

where are osteogenic cells found?

A

Predominantly alongside membranes that surround the bones and the blood vessels in bone canals

44
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A

The only bone cells that undergo cell divisions with the resulting cells becoming bone producing cells

45
Q

What is a mesenchymal cell?

A

A tissue from which most connective tissue is derived

46
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

Bone producing cells

47
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

regions of bone formation such as the surface of growing bones or areas undergoing active bone remodelling

48
Q

What is the function of an osteoblast?

A

to synthesize and secrete collagen fibres and other organic components.

49
Q

What are the components synthesized by osteoblasts used for?

A

To build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and to initiate calcification

50
Q

What happens when the matrix is formed by osteoblasts?

A

the osteoblasts become trapped in their own secretions and eventually are turned into osteocytes

51
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

the major cell type found in mature bone

52
Q

What are osteocytes derived from?

A

osteoblasts

53
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

within the matrix of the bone

54
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue, which includes the exchange of nutrients and waste within the blood

55
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

large cells derived from the fusion of monocytes present within the bone marrow or from other blood producing tissue

56
Q

Where are osteoclasts present?

A

in close contact with the bone surface in bone surface resorption bays and are mainly concentrated within the layer of connective tissue on the inside of the bone

57
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

local removal of bone growth and the subsequent remodelling of the bone surface.

58
Q

What is resorption?

A

local removal of bone growth and the subsequent remodelling of the bone surface.

59
Q

Where is resorption commonly seen?

A

The normal development, maintenance and repair of bone

60
Q

How do osteoclasts carry out resorption?

A

They release HCL

61
Q

What is the organic part of the bone matrix composed of?

A

Osteoid

62
Q

What is osteoid produced and secreted by?

A

Osteoblasts

63
Q

What is osteoid maintained by?

A

osteocytes

64
Q

What is osteoid made up of?

A

Predominantly type 1 collagen fibres and a small proportion of ground substance

65
Q

How much of bone is made up of inorganic mineral?

A

approximately 50%

66
Q

What is the inorganic mineral in bone called?

A

Hydroxyapatite

67
Q

What is hydroxyapatite formed from?

A

Mineral salts which combine with additional salts on the matrix (calcium and phosphate)

68
Q

What is the process that forms hydroxyapatite called?

A

Calcification

69
Q

what is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones articulate

70
Q

What does articulate mean?

A

Where two or more bones meet

71
Q

what three categories are joints put into structurally?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial?

72
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

connected by dense connective tissue, have no joint cavity. Most are synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

73
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Connected by hyaline cartilage and have no joint cavity

74
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Have a synovial, fluid filled cavity that surrounds the articulating bones

75
Q

what three categories are joints put into functionally?

A

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

76
Q

What are synarthrosis joints?

A

joints that don’t provide any movement

77
Q

What are amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Joints that provide only a small degree of movement

78
Q

What are diarthrosis joints?

A

Joints that allow free movement

79
Q

How can joints be classified?

A

By their structural components, the tissue that holds the bones together, their functions or the degree of movement that they provide

80
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

suture, gomphosis and syndesmosis

81
Q

Where are suture joints found?

A

between the plate bones of the skull

82
Q

Where are gomphosis joints found?

A

the tooth junction

83
Q

What are syndesmosis joints?

A

two bones are held together by an interosseous ligament. These joints are amphiarthrotic

84
Q

What does an interosseous ligament consist of?

A

long collagenous fibres

85
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphyses

MBChB Glasgow Year 1 Phase 1 (10 decks)

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