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MBChB Glasgow Year 1 Phase 1 > PBL 5 > Flashcards

PBL 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A type of connective tissue

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2
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

A dense network of collagen or elastin, and the associated matrix materials which will provide strength and resilience.

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3
Q

What is the cartilage extracellular matric deposited by?

A

Chondroblasts, which mature into chondrocytes

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4
Q

Where do the chondrocytes sit in the extracellular matrix?

A

The spaces - lacunae

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5
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A sheet of connective tissue that covers the surface of most cartilage throughout the body

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6
Q

What are the classifications of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

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7
Q

What is hyaline cartilage composed of?

A

Fine type II collagen fibres bound together by a resilient gel like matrix material.

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8
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

The most abundant yet weakest cartilage

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9
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

All over the body

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10
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

to provide flexability and support, reducing friction, and absorbing shock. It covers the articular surfaces of joints and provides support to the resp system

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11
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage in the foetus?

A

It forms a temporary skeleton, which is then gradually ossified.

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12
Q

What else does hyaline cartilage form?

A

The epiphyseal plates in growing long bones

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13
Q

What is fibrocartilage composed of?

A

Thick bundles of collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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14
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

The strongest cartilage in the body

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15
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

provides strength and rigidity

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16
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral discs, tendon attachment to bones, and the junctions between the flat bones of the pelvis

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17
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

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18
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Strong and elastic

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19
Q

What is elastic cartilage composed of?

A

A thread-like network of elastic and collagen fibres interspersed with chondrocytes in their lacunae

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20
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides and maintains the shapes of various structures

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21
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

The auricle of the ear, the walls of the external auditory meatus, and the epiglottis of the larynx

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22
Q

How is cartilage nourished?

A

Its avascular so is nourished through diffusion. There is no nerves in cartilage

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23
Q

What is bone?

A

A specialised type of connective tissue which has a mineralised extracellular component

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24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A layer of connective tissue that surrounds bone

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25
What is the function of periosteum?
To nourish the tissue and provide an interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments
26
What are the two types of bone?
Compact bone and spongy bone (trabecular or cancellous)
27
What are the differences between the two types of bone?
depend on the relative amount of solid matter and the number and size of the spaces they contain
28
What do all bones have?
A superficial thin layer of compact bone around a central mass of spongy bone (except where the spongy bone is replaced by a medullary cavity)
29
What happens in the medullary cavity and spicules of spongy bone of adult bone?
Blood cells and platelets are formed
30
What is the function of compact bones?
Provide strength for weight bearing in long bones, designed for rigidity and attachment of muscles and ligaments
31
Where is most of the compact bone found?
Near the middle of the shaft (body) of the bone, where it has the most risk of buckling
32
What is the rigidity and elasticity of living bones like?
A little bit of elasticity (flexibility) and great rigidity (hardness)
33
What are the different shapes of bones?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones
34
What are long bones?
Tubular structures (e.g. humerus and femur)
35
What are short bones?
Cuboidal structures (e.g. bones of the wrist and ankle)
36
What are flat bones?
Serve protective functions - consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (e.g. skull)
37
What are sesamoid bones?
round or oval bones that develop in tendons
38
When do bone markings appear?
Wherever tendons, ligaments and fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
39
How do other bone formations occur?
In relation to the passage of a tendon or to control the type of movement occurring at a joint
40
What are the 4 main types of bone cells responsible for?
the formation, repair, development and destruction of bone
41
What are the 4 main types of bone cells?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
42
What are osteogenic cells?
Unspecialised mesenchymal cells.
43
where are osteogenic cells found?
Predominantly alongside membranes that surround the bones and the blood vessels in bone canals
44
What do osteogenic cells do?
The only bone cells that undergo cell divisions with the resulting cells becoming bone producing cells
45
What is a mesenchymal cell?
A tissue from which most connective tissue is derived
46
what are osteoblasts?
Bone producing cells
47
Where are osteoblasts found?
regions of bone formation such as the surface of growing bones or areas undergoing active bone remodelling
48
What is the function of an osteoblast?
to synthesize and secrete collagen fibres and other organic components.
49
What are the components synthesized by osteoblasts used for?
To build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and to initiate calcification
50
What happens when the matrix is formed by osteoblasts?
the osteoblasts become trapped in their own secretions and eventually are turned into osteocytes
51
What are osteocytes?
the major cell type found in mature bone
52
What are osteocytes derived from?
osteoblasts
53
Where are osteocytes found?
within the matrix of the bone
54
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue, which includes the exchange of nutrients and waste within the blood
55
What are osteoclasts?
large cells derived from the fusion of monocytes present within the bone marrow or from other blood producing tissue
56
Where are osteoclasts present?
in close contact with the bone surface in bone surface resorption bays and are mainly concentrated within the layer of connective tissue on the inside of the bone
57
What is the function of osteoclasts?
local removal of bone growth and the subsequent remodelling of the bone surface.
58
What is resorption?
local removal of bone growth and the subsequent remodelling of the bone surface.
59
Where is resorption commonly seen?
The normal development, maintenance and repair of bone
60
How do osteoclasts carry out resorption?
They release HCL
61
What is the organic part of the bone matrix composed of?
Osteoid
62
What is osteoid produced and secreted by?
Osteoblasts
63
What is osteoid maintained by?
osteocytes
64
What is osteoid made up of?
Predominantly type 1 collagen fibres and a small proportion of ground substance
65
How much of bone is made up of inorganic mineral?
approximately 50%
66
What is the inorganic mineral in bone called?
Hydroxyapatite
67
What is hydroxyapatite formed from?
Mineral salts which combine with additional salts on the matrix (calcium and phosphate)
68
What is the process that forms hydroxyapatite called?
Calcification
69
what is a joint?
Where two or more bones articulate
70
What does articulate mean?
Where two or more bones meet
71
what three categories are joints put into structurally?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial?
72
What are fibrous joints?
connected by dense connective tissue, have no joint cavity. Most are synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic
73
What are cartilaginous joints?
Connected by hyaline cartilage and have no joint cavity
74
What are synovial joints?
Have a synovial, fluid filled cavity that surrounds the articulating bones
75
what three categories are joints put into functionally?
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
76
What are synarthrosis joints?
joints that don't provide any movement
77
What are amphiarthrosis joints?
Joints that provide only a small degree of movement
78
What are diarthrosis joints?
Joints that allow free movement
79
How can joints be classified?
By their structural components, the tissue that holds the bones together, their functions or the degree of movement that they provide
80
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
suture, gomphosis and syndesmosis
81
Where are suture joints found?
between the plate bones of the skull
82
Where are gomphosis joints found?
the tooth junction
83
What are syndesmosis joints?
two bones are held together by an interosseous ligament. These joints are amphiarthrotic
84
What does an interosseous ligament consist of?
long collagenous fibres
85
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and symphyses

MBChB Glasgow Year 1 Phase 1 (10 decks)

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