PBL 2

Question 1

how can differentiate types of joints be classified?

Answer 1

depending on tissue type or degree of movement

Question 2

what are fibrous joints? how can they be further classified?

Answer 2

when bones are bound by tough, fibrous tissue

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Question 3

what are sutures?

Answer 3

immovable joints between the flat bones of the skull (a type of fibrous joint)

Question 4

what are gomphoses?

Answer 4

immovable joints where teeth articulate with their sockets

Question 5

what are syndesmoses?

Answer 5

slightly moveable joints which are comprised of bones held together bu an interosseous membrane

Question 6

what is an interosseous membrane?

Answer 6

a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones

Question 7

what are cartilaginous joints?

how are they further classified?

Answer 7

where bones are united by hyaline or fibrocartilage

the 2 main types are synchondroses and symphyses

Question 8

what are synchondrosis?

Answer 8

bones connected by hyaline cartilage. immovable joints

Question 9

what are symphyses?

Answer 9

bones connected by fibrocartilage. joints are slightly moveable

Question 10

what are synovial joints? what are the different types?

Answer 10

a joint with the presence of a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
hinge, saddle, plane, pivot, condyloid, ball and socket

Question 11

what is a synarthrosis joint?

Answer 11

immovable joint

Question 12

what is an amphiarthrosis joint?

Answer 12

slightly moveable joint

Question 13

what is a diarthrosis joint?

Answer 13

freely moveable joint

Question 14

describe the embryological development of joints?

Answer 14

an intervene forms where the future joint will be. the cells here differentiate into chondrocytes and apoptosis occurs. the cells either side of the intervene are now separated and a space forms between them

Question 15

what is developmental dysplasia of the hip?

Answer 15

when the femoral head dislocates out of the acetabulum and the ball and socket joint grow out of proportion to eachother

Question 16

what are some possible causes of DDH?

Answer 16

too much mechanical force against the metal thigh e.g. when baby lies in breech or when there isn’t enough amniotic fluid to fill the cavity

Question 17

what are symptoms of DDH in babies?

Answer 17

legs of unequal length

asymmetric skin folds around the groin

Question 18

what are symptoms of DDH in children and adults?

Answer 18

children- painless limping and a waddling gait

adults- painful osteoarthritis

Question 19

what is the Barlow manoeuvre?

Answer 19

adducting hip while holding the knee straight. if the femoral head pops out of the socket then it could be hip dysplasia

Question 20

what is the ortolani manoeuvre?

Answer 20

flexing baby’s hip at 90 degrees and genty abducting it. if the femoral head was out of the socket then it would slip back into the acetabulum causing a clunking sound.

Question 21

how can DDH be diagnosed?

Answer 21

below manoeuvre, ortolani manoeuvre, x-rays and ultrasounds

Question 22

under the age of 6 months, what is the treatment for DDH?

Answer 22

abduction splint (pavlik harness), holds femoral head within socket for 1-2 months

Question 23

over the age of 6 months, what is the treatment for DDH?

Answer 23

reduction under anesthesia to manually reduce the femoral head back into the acetabulum. surgery may be needed

Question 24

what are the 6 primary activities of daily living?

Answer 24

ambulating
feeding
dressing
personal hygiene
continence
toileting

Question 25

what are the 4 social impacts of a physical disability?

Answer 25

relationship strains, access difficulties because of society, social exclusion, risk of poverty

Question 26

what is the social model of disability?

Answer 26

The model says that people are disabled by barriers in society, not by their impairment or difference.