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B5W1 > LOCOMOTION > Flashcards

LOCOMOTION Flashcards

1
Q

what are the advantages to walking bipedally?

A

It frees our hands, elevates our head and allows us to move on challenging terrain

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2
Q

what are the disadvantages to walking bipedally?

A

it poses a biomechanics challenge or efficiency and stability

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3
Q

what is a gait cycle?

A

the period from a heel strike of 1 limb until the next time that heel hits the ground

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4
Q

what is the stance phase?

A

where the foot is on the ground

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5
Q

what is the swing phase?

A

where the foot is in the air

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6
Q

how is our gait cycle different in running and waking?

A

in walking we always have 1 or 2 feet on the ground and the leg is fully extended at the heel strike
In running we get an airborne phase were no feet are in contact with the ground and the leg tends to remain bent at heel strike so the tendons and ligaments can store energy which can be released when you push off the ground

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7
Q

describe the 3 stages of the stance phase? how much of the gait cycle is this?

A

initial contact with heel strike, mid stance when the foot is flat and then propulsion
60%

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8
Q

describe the swing phase?

how much of the gait cycle does this make up?

A

when the toe lifts off to when the foot is ready to make the next heel strike
40%

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9
Q

what is a torque?

A

a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis

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10
Q

what are agonist and antagonist muscles?

A

agonist- muscle that contracts to cause movement

antagonist- muscle that relaxes

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11
Q

what are synergistic muscles?

A

they help to perform the same motion as the agonist

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12
Q

what is the difference between concentric and eccentric contraction?

A

concentric- the tension rises as the muscle shortens

eccentric- tension rises as the muscle lengthens

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13
Q

how does the distance from muscle to joint affect locomotion?

A

the further away a muscle is from a joint, the larger the movement and the more torque but this makes the locomotion relatively slower.

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14
Q

what is the function of tendons?

A

to connect muscle to bone and to ensure tension and store energy which can later be used

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15
Q

what is the function of ligaments?

A

to connect bone to bone. they can help with spring-like actions by storing energy but are generally supports for structures to help keep bones in place

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16
Q

how do we develop ‘muscle memory’?

A

motor learning by repeating motor sequences to make them second nature.

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17
Q

how do we develop balance?

A

practicing and fine tuning the cerebellum to improve coordination of muscle systems across the body

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18
Q

what controls stability and balance?

A

cerebellum- it doesn’t initiate movement but adjusts movements based on sensory and proprioceptive inputs

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19
Q

in general what is ‘flexing’? what is ‘extending’?

A

flexing- reducing the angle at a joint

extending- increasing the angle at a joint

20
Q

what is abduction? what is adduction?

A

abduction- moving away from the body

adduction- moving towards the body/midline

21
Q

what is dorsiflexion? what is plantar flexion?

A

dorsiflexion- tilting the foot upwards

plantar flexion- tilting the foot downwards

22
Q

how are our body’s adapted to reduce the torques generated by gravity?

A

by keeping everything as close to the midline as possible

23
Q

where is the body’s centre of mass?

A

midline of the pelvis

24
Q

how do we stand stably?

A

the centre of mass must be over the base of support (area between our ground contacts e.g. feet)

25
Q

describe how we keep our centre of mass over our base supports?

A

as our centre of mass drifts over our toes, the body tips forwards so we activate plantar flexion to bring the centre of mass back. as the body falls backwards, dorsiflexion is activated to bring the body forward again (ankles and hip strategy)

26
Q

describe the muscle action in the heel strike phase?

A

as the heel makes contact with the ground we lower the foot by dorsiflexors contracting eccentrically, we control the leg that is swinging forward by activating the hip extensors

27
Q

describe the muscle action in the flat foot phase?

A

to accept the weight onto the leg we activate the knee extensors, we control how fast this mass moves over the ankle by activating the plantar flexors, to stabilise the pelvis we activate the hip abductors

28
Q

describe the muscle action in the midstance phase?

A

as weight moves through the knee we stabilise the knee through activating knee extensors, as the centre of mass moves over the hips the plantarflexors activate to control this, we stabilise the pelvis with hip abductors

29
Q

describe the muscle action in the terminal stance phase?

A

to accelerate the mass of the body forward and lift the ankle we activate plantarflexors, we stabilise the pelvis with hip abductors and we push off the ground with out toes using the digital flexors

30
Q

describe the muscle action in the pre-swing phase?

A

we control the thigh moving forwards with eccentric contraction of the hip flexors, we accelerate the mass forward with the long flexors of the digits and we preserve the arches of the foot with intrinsic and long tendons of the foot

31
Q

describe the muscle action in the initial swing phase?

A

we accelerate the thigh by concentric contraction of the hip flexor, we move the foot off the ground by activating the concentration contraction of the angle dorsiflexors

32
Q

describe the muscle action in the mid-swing phase?

A

the thigh muscles stop activating and the leg swings forward with its own momentum, the ankle dorsiflexors remain active to keep the foot lifted and parallel to the floor

33
Q

describe the muscle action in the terminal-swing phase?

A

to slow to thigh movement we eccentrically contract the hip extensors, we slow movement of the leg with eccentric contraction of the knee flexors, we keep the ankle dorsiflexors active to position the foot for plantation, knee extensors and quadriceps start activating to prepare the leg for weight bearing

34
Q

describe a trendelenburg gait?

when do we tend to see this?

A

characterised by the good limb’s side of the pelvis dropping when in swing because the small gluteals on the opposite side cannot hold the pelvis level. this brings the centre of gravity of the trunk over the foot in stance phase

after a dislocation of the hip or paralysis which may prevent effective functioning of the wall gluteals

35
Q

how is the pelvis adapted to human bipedalism?

A

the human ilium is wider than it is high which brings the sacroiliac joint closer to the hip joint, reducing the stress on the ileum. this also brings the small gluteal muscles into a position where they can act as abductors of the thigh (unlike chimps where they act a extensors). these abductors support the pelvis and prevent swaying of the trunk during walking

36
Q

how is the femur adapted to human bipedalism?

A

the femoral head is large which allows us to increase load bearing
the diagnal disposition of the femur brings ours knees and feet closer to the midline which helps reduce rotation caused by gravity when one foot is in the air

37
Q

how is the knee adapted to human bipedalism?

A

the knee has a locking mechanism so it can stabilise in a fully extended position- the femoral and tibial condyles are as close together as possible and the anterior cruciate ligament is tensed.

38
Q

how are humans adapted to balance?

A

the tension of the iliofemoral ligament prevents the trunk rotating back at the hip joint and the vertebral curves cancel each other out so weight is passed directly to the lower limbs

39
Q

how is the foot adapted to human bipedalism?

A

humans have a transverse arch and 2 longitudinal arches which permit weight transfer, act as shock absorbers and distribute body weight

40
Q

what is pes planus? what is it often caused by?

A

aka flat foot

when we loose the medial longitudinal arch often caused by being overweight or standing for long periods of time

41
Q

what are cruciate ligaments injuries? how are they caused?

A

a tear in cruciate ligaments can be caused by deceleration or rotational forces acting on the weight-bearing limb

42
Q

what is coxa valga?

A

a decrease in the angle of the femoral neck so its less than 120 degrees.

43
Q

what is coxa vara?

A

an increase in. the angle of the femoral neck so its more than 140 degrees

44
Q

what is coxa vara?

A

an increase in. the angle of the femoral neck so its more than 140 degrees

45
Q

in all stages of the stance phase we want to maintain the arches of the feet, how do we do this?

A

by activating the intrinsic muscles and long tendons of the feet

B5W1 (9 decks)

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