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B5W1 > DEVELOPMENT OF THE CNS > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what is neuralation?

A

formation of the neural tube

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2
Q

what does the notochord do in neuralation?

A

it induces it by stimulating the layers of cells in the ectoderm to differentiate into neural ectoderm and form the neural plate

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3
Q

how do neural crest cells form?

A

paraxial mesoderm either side of the notochord form crests which are then referred to as neural crest cells

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4
Q

how do somites form?

A

the paraxial mesoderm separates into blocks of cells called somites.

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5
Q

how do neural folds form?

how does this form the neural tube?

A

paraxial mesoderm proliferates and lifts up the 2 sides of the neural plate
the neural folds pinch towards the midline and fuse to form a neural tube

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6
Q

is the neural tube sealed at both ends?

A

no we have a cranial neuropore and a caudal neuropore

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7
Q

when do the cranial and caudal neuropores close?

A

cranial- by the 25th day

caudal- 27th day

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8
Q

what does the cranial neuropore becomes once it has closed?

A

the lamina terminals (anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle of adult brain)

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9
Q

what do the cranial, caudal ends and the lumen of the neural tube develop in to?

A

cranial- adult brain
caudal- adult spinal cord
lumen- ventricular system of brain and central canal of spinal cord

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10
Q

what will the neur0plate become?

A

CNS
somatic motor nerves
preganglionic autonomic nerves

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11
Q

what will neural crest cells become?

A

neurones and glia of PNS

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12
Q

what will ectodermal placodes become?

A

cranial sensory neurones
olfactory epithelium
inner ear epithelia
lens of the eye

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13
Q

what will the notochord become?

A

the nucleus pulpous (inner core of vertebral disc)

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14
Q

what are ectodermal placodes?

A

cranial ectoderm thickenings that generate many different components of the sensory systems of the head.

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15
Q

when does the brain begin to develop?

A

4th week of intrauterine life

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16
Q

what are the 3 primary ventricles that form from the cranial end of the neural tube?
what will these develop into?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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17
Q

what do the 3 primary ventricles of the primitive brain further dilate and differentiate in to?

A

the prosencephalon dilates into the telencephalon and the diencephalon

the rhombencephalon dilates and differentiates into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

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18
Q

what will the telencephalon become?

A

the cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

what will the diencephalon become?

A

thalami

20
Q

what will the mesencephalon become?

A

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct (allows CSF to flow from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle)

21
Q

what will the metencephalon become?

A

pons and cerebellum

22
Q

what will the myelencephalon become?

A

the medulla oblongata

23
Q

what is the function of the cervical flexure?

A

a bend in the neural tube

it distinguishes the spinal cord from the brain

24
Q

what is the function of the pontine flexure?

A

a bend in the neural tube that forms a boundary between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

25
Q

what is the mesocephalic flexure?

A

a bend in the neural tube to distinguish between the midbrain and hindbrain

26
Q

what forms the lateral ventricles?

A

dilation of telencephalon

27
Q

what forms the 3rd ventricle?

A

diencephalon

28
Q

what forms the 4th ventricle?

A

metencephalon

29
Q

why does the wall of the neural tube thicken?

A

as neural tissue is undergoing repeated mitosis

30
Q

when do we have the rough outline of the cerebral hemisphere?
how does this increase in complexity?

A

week 21

as the brain further develops we get sulci and gyri forming

31
Q

when if the brain fully complete?

A

by 5 years of age (continues developing after birth)

32
Q

describe the 3 zones formed by the thickening of the walls at the caudal end of the neural tube?
when does this happen?

A

matrix, mantle and marginal zones form (inner to outer)

by the middle of the 5th week

33
Q

what is the matrix zone?

A

an area packed with pluripotent neuroepithelial cells

34
Q

what is the mantle zone?

what will it become?

A

neuroblasts surrounding the matrix zone

grey matter

35
Q

what is the marginal zone?

what will it become?

A

neuroblast axons project into here

white matter

36
Q

describe the somatotropic fashion of the distribution of cells at the caudal end of the neural tube?

A

the cells that will become part of the sensory part of the CNS form the alar plate (superior) whilst the cells becoming part of the motor part of the CNS will form the basal plate (inferior)

37
Q

what forms the sulcus limitans? what does this do?

A

the lumen of the neural tube

separates the alar and basal plates

38
Q

when does the sulcus limitans appear?

where does it extend from?

A

week 4

from the spinal cord to the caudal mid brain

39
Q

what will the alar plate become?

A

the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

40
Q

what will the basal plate become?

A

the ventral horn of the spinal cord

41
Q

describe the positional changes of the spinal cord as it develops?

A

up until the 8th week, the developing spinal cord is the same length as the vertebral column. as the embryo develops the vertebral column develops much faster so the meninges are dragged downwards and the nerves lengthen, ending at around the 2nd lumbar vertebrae

42
Q

what is the cauda equina?

A

a sack of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord

43
Q

what is the filum terminale? what forms it?

A

a delicate strand of fibrous tissue

the Pia matter (thin inner membrane of meninges) is drawn out and down into this small filament

44
Q

describe the nerve supply to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

1- trigeminal
2-facial
3-glossopharyngeal
4+6- vagus

45
Q

why is the spinal accessory nerve actually a cranial nerve?

A

as it arises from the spinal cord but ascends into the cranium (through foramen Magnus) and exits via the jugular foreman

B5W1 (9 decks)

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