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xB13W4 > PBL 2 > Flashcards

PBL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the heart?

A

it can cause coronary atheroma

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and increased peripheral resistance

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2
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the aorta?

A

atheroma
aneurysm
aortic dissection

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3
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the brain?

A

stroke

dementia

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4
Q

what effect can hypertension have on the kidneys?

A

glomerular damage
causes further hypertension
renal failure

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5
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the sksletal system?

A

osteoporosis risk

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6
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the respiratory system?

A

pulmonary embolism risk
aneurysm
sleep apnea

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7
Q

what effects can hypertension have on the visual system?

A

hypertensive retinopathy

choroidopathy

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8
Q

what is choroidopathy?

A

when fluid builds up underneath the retina as it leaks from the choroid (where all blood vessels are)

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9
Q

whats first line treatment for <65s hypertension?

A

ACEi or ARB if cough intolerable

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10
Q

what are examples of ACEi?

A

transolapril
enalapril
ramipril

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11
Q

what are side effects of ACEi?

A 
dry cough
hyperkalaemia
fatigue
dizziness
headache
loss of tatse
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12
Q

whatbis first like treatment of hypertensions in >65s or thos of black African or African-Caribbean descent?

A

Ca2+ channel blockers

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13
Q

what are examples of calcium channel blockers?

A

amlodipine

nifedipine

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14
Q

what are side effects of Ca2+ channel blockers?

A 
constipation
dizziness
palpitations
fatigue
flushing
nausea
headache
rash
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15
Q

what are examples of beta blockers?

A

bisprolol
carvedilol
nebivolol

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16
Q

what are side effects of beta blockers?

A 
fatigue
cold fingers and toes
difficulty sleeping
nightmares
nausea
17
Q

what are examples of thiazide diuretics?

A

chlorthalidone and indapamide

18
Q

what are side effects of thiazide diuretics?

A 
dizziness
blurred vision
loss of appetite
itching
GI upset
headache
weakness
19
Q

what are examples of alpha blockers?

A

doxazosin
prazosin
terazosin

20
Q

whats an example of a vasodilator?

A

hydralazine

21
Q

what are risk factors for hypertension?

A

unhealthy diet (i.e. too much Na+ and too little K+)
physical inactivity
obesity
alcohol
tobacco use
genetics and Fhx
age
race - african heritage develops hypertension sooner
stress
certain chronic conditions e.g. diabetes or kidney disease

22
Q

what is the Qrisk2?

A

cardiovascular disease risk calculator

works out the risk of having a heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years q

23
Q

what does Qrisk2 take into account?

A 
age
sex
ethnicity
postcode
smoking
diabetes
angina/heart attack in a first degree relative >60
chronic kidney disease
AF
blood pressure treatment
RA
cholesterol/HDL ratio
systolic bp
BMI

xB13W4 (5 decks)

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