PBL 2 Flashcards
what effects can hypertension have on the heart?
it can cause coronary atheroma
concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and increased peripheral resistance
what effects can hypertension have on the aorta?
atheroma
aneurysm
aortic dissection
what effects can hypertension have on the brain?
stroke
dementia
what effect can hypertension have on the kidneys?
glomerular damage
causes further hypertension
renal failure
what effects can hypertension have on the sksletal system?
osteoporosis risk
what effects can hypertension have on the respiratory system?
pulmonary embolism risk
aneurysm
sleep apnea
what effects can hypertension have on the visual system?
hypertensive retinopathy
choroidopathy
what is choroidopathy?
when fluid builds up underneath the retina as it leaks from the choroid (where all blood vessels are)
whats first line treatment for <65s hypertension?
ACEi or ARB if cough intolerable
what are examples of ACEi?
transolapril
enalapril
ramipril
what are side effects of ACEi?
dry cough hyperkalaemia fatigue dizziness headache loss of tatse
whatbis first like treatment of hypertensions in >65s or thos of black African or African-Caribbean descent?
Ca2+ channel blockers
what are examples of calcium channel blockers?
amlodipine
nifedipine
what are side effects of Ca2+ channel blockers?
constipation dizziness palpitations fatigue flushing nausea headache rash
what are examples of beta blockers?
bisprolol
carvedilol
nebivolol
what are side effects of beta blockers?
fatigue cold fingers and toes difficulty sleeping nightmares nausea
what are examples of thiazide diuretics?
chlorthalidone and indapamide
what are side effects of thiazide diuretics?
dizziness blurred vision loss of appetite itching GI upset headache weakness
what are examples of alpha blockers?
doxazosin
prazosin
terazosin
whats an example of a vasodilator?
hydralazine
what are risk factors for hypertension?
unhealthy diet (i.e. too much Na+ and too little K+)
physical inactivity
obesity
alcohol
tobacco use
genetics and Fhx
age
race - african heritage develops hypertension sooner
stress
certain chronic conditions e.g. diabetes or kidney disease
what is the Qrisk2?
cardiovascular disease risk calculator
works out the risk of having a heart attack or stroke over the next 10 years q
what does Qrisk2 take into account?
age sex ethnicity postcode smoking diabetes angina/heart attack in a first degree relative >60 chronic kidney disease AF blood pressure treatment RA cholesterol/HDL ratio systolic bp BMI
