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xB12W5 > PBL 2 > Flashcards

PBL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what additional symptoms can hearing loss cause?

A

balance issues
headache
tinnitus

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2
Q

what additional symptoms can hearing loss cause?

A

balance issues
headache
tinnitus

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3
Q

how can we diagnose causes of hearing loss?

A 
otoscopy
whisper test
finger rub test
weber test
rinne test
audiogram
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4
Q

what is a normal rinne test result?

A

air conduction > bone conduction

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5
Q

what does it mean if a person has hearing loss but the rinne test seems normal?

A

that the hearing loss is sensorineural

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6
Q

what does it mean in the conductive hearing loss if bone conduction is > air conduction?

A

conductive hearing loss

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7
Q

whats a normal weber test result?

A

hearing the same sound in both ears

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8
Q

what does it mean if a person hears the tuning fork loudest in the diseased ear during the weber test?

A

there is conductive hearing loss

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9
Q

what does it mean if a person hears the tuning fork loudest in he normal ear during the weber test?

A

sensorineural hearing loss

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10
Q

what is conductive hearing loss

A

when sound cannot get through the outer and middle ear so we get a decreased perception of sound, particularly low frequency

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11
Q

what are the main causes of conductive hearing loss?

A 
boyn outgrowths
cerumen impaction
congenital causes
eustachian tube dysfunction
otitis externa
otitis media
osteosclerosis
trauma
tumours of the middle ear
tympanic membrane perforation
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of bony outgrowths in the ear that can cause conductive hearing loss?

A

exostoses and osteomas

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13
Q

what is an exostosis?

A

a benign outgrowth of cartilagenous tissue on the bone, associated with repeated cold water exposure

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14
Q

what are osteomas?

A

neoplasms of the temporal bone

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15
Q

who is cerumen impaction most likely in?

A

elderly

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16
Q

what is microtia?

A

malformation or absence of the auricle

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17
Q

what is external auditory canal atresia?

A

absence of the external auditory meatus

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18
Q

what can cause eustachian tube dysfunction?

A

colds, flus, sinus infections, allergies

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19
Q

what are some problems with eustachian tube dysfunction?

A

difficulty equalizing pressure
chemical and bacteria can get into the middle ear
cilia in the tube are unable to clear out middle ear cerumen - stagmant secretions can get infected leading to secondary problems

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20
Q

what is otitis external?

A

inflammation of the external ear canal, usually caused by swimming

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21
Q

whats the bacteria that most commonly causes otitis external?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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22
Q

what is otitis media?

A

infection of the middle ear which leads to effusion which causes poor transmittance of sound waves

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23
Q

whos most likely to get otitis media?

A

6-18 month olds as risk factors are daycare and bottle feeding

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24
Q

what are some bacteria that commonly cause otitis media?

A

staphylococcas pneumonia
haemophilus influenza
moraxella catarrhalis

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25
Q

what is osteosclerosis in the ear?

A

abnormal bone growth in the ear, commonly a bony outgrowth of the stapes to the oval window so we get decreased vibration and conduction of sound waves

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26
Q

what is the cholesteatoma?

A

a sac of fluid, air or skin cells that form behind the ear drum

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27
Q

what is glomus tympanicum paraganglioma?

A

a common tumour of the middle ear that affects the tympanic nerve

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28
Q

how do we treat cerumen impaction?

A

cerumenolytics or irrigation or manual removal

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29
Q

how do we treat otitis external?

A

topical acidifying agent, glucocorticoids

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30
Q

how do we treat eustachian tube dysfunction?

A

surgery e.g. tympanostomy tube

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31
Q

how do we treat otitis media?

A

pain control

32
Q

how do we treat osteosclerosis?

A

hearing aids

surgery e.g. stapedectomy

33
Q

what are some causes of sensorineural hearing loss?

A 
acoustic neuroma
meningitis
meningioma
acoustic nerve neuritis
congenital causes
drug induced - ototoxic drugs
labrynthitis
menieres disease
noise induced
presbycusis
trauma
34
Q

what is acoustic neuroma?

A

a benign tumour developing in the vestibulocochlear nerve

35
Q

how can meningitis cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A

by causing cochleitis

36
Q

what is acoustic nerve neuritis?

A

inflammation of vestibulocochlear nerve often caused by MS or suphilis

37
Q

what are some ototoxic drugs?

A

aminoglycoside antibiotics
cisplatin and carboplatin

temporary:
high dose aspirin
quinidine
loop diuretics

38
Q

what is menieres disease?

A

a rare chronic inner ear disorder that causes problems with balance and hearing - causes episodic loss of hearing in 1 ear with tinnitus and vertigo

39
Q

how loud does a sound have to be to cause noise induced sensorineural hearing loss?

A

> 85dB

40
Q

whats the pathology of noise induced sensorineural hearing loss?

A

overtsimulatuon of hair cells in the organ of corti causes nitric oxide and free radical release which damages the hair cells

41
Q

what is presbycusis?

A

a gradual, symmetrical hearing loss in the elderly caused by the degeneration of hair cells at the base of the cochlea

42
Q

how do we treat presbycusis?

A

hearing aids

43
Q

how do we treat nosie induced hearing loss?

A

hearing aids

44
Q

how do we treat menieres disease?

A

diretary change - less sugars, salts to prevent water retention
antiemetics
vestibular supressants
diuretics

45
Q

how do we treat acoustic neuroma?

A

surgical resection or radiotherapy

46
Q

what are cerumenolytics?

A

ear wax softerning agents

47
Q

what are tympanostomy tubes?`

A

they create a direct opening between the middle and outer ear, allowing pressue to equibrilate more easily

48
Q

whats an easy way to remember the order of cranial nerves?

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina, Ah Heaven

49
Q

what is cranial nerve 1?

A

olfactory

50
Q

what is CN2?

A

optic

51
Q

what is CN3?

A

occulomotor

52
Q

what is CN4?

A

trochlear

53
Q

what is CN 5?

A

trigeminal

54
Q

what is CN6?

A

abducens

55
Q

what is CN7?

A

facial

56
Q

what is CN8?

A

vestibulocochlear

57
Q

what is CN9?

A

glossopharyngeal

58
Q

what is CN10?

A

vagus

59
Q

what is CN11?

A

spinal accessory

60
Q

what is Cn12?

A

hypoglossal

61
Q

whats the function of Cn1?

A

senses smell and detects more advances aspects of taste

62
Q

whats the function of CN2?

A

transmitting information for vision in the form of electrical impulses from the eye to the brain

63
Q

whats the function of Cn3?

A

innervates superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, levator palpabrae superioris, inferior oblique, sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles

64
Q

whats the function of the trochlear nerve?

A

innervates superior oblique muscle

65
Q

whats the function of abducens nerve?

A

innervates lateral rectus muscle

66
Q

what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

opthalmic branch
maxillary branch
mandibular branch

67
Q

whats the function of the opthalmic nerve?

A

innervates skin and mucous memvrane of forehead, scalp, frontal and ethmoidal sinus, upepr eyelid, conjucntiva, cornea, dorsum of nose

68
Q

whats the function of the maxillary nerve?

A

innervates skin and mucous membranes of lower eyelid and conjunctiva, cheeks, macillary sinus, nasal cavity, lateral nose, upper lip, upper molar incisor, canine teeth and associated ginigva, superior palate

69
Q

whats the function of the mandibular nerve?

A

mucous membranes and floor of oral cavity, external ear, lower lip, chin, anterior 2/3rds of tongue, lower teeth and associated gingiva, muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric muscle, mylohyloid muscle, tensor veli palatini, tensor tymapni

70
Q

what are thw branches of the facial nerve?

A

frontal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical.

71
Q

whats the function of CN8?

A

hearing and balance

72
Q

whats the function of CN9?

A

sensory innervation to middle ear, internal surface of tympanic membrane, Eustachian tube, carotid sinus and body, oropharynx, posteior 1/3rd of tongue palatine tonsils and stylopharyngeus muscle

73
Q

whats the function of the vagus nerve?

A

sensory - innervates laryngopharynx and superior aspect of larynx, heart, GI tract to splenic fixture

motor - muscles of pharynx, cricothyroid, there-arytenoid, circa-arytenois, arytenoids, palatoglossus of tongue, muscles of soft palate

74
Q

whats the function of the spinal accessory nerve?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius motor innervation

75
Q

whats the function of the Cn12?

A

motor innervation to extrnsic and intrinsic musces of the tongue other than the palatoglossus muscles (pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve)

76
Q

what are the main branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

f tympanic, tonsillar, stylopharyngeal, carotid sinus nerve

77
Q

what ar tha branches of the vagus nerve?

A

pharyngeal branches, superior laryngeal nerves, recurrent laryngeal nerves, and superior cardiac nerves.

xB12W5 (7 decks)

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