APPROACHES TO THE PATIENT WITH CNS DISORDERS Flashcards
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
intelligence praxis inhibition bladder continence saccadic eye movement motor functions expresion of language
what is frontotemporal dementia?
dementia in front and sides of brain, starts earlier than other dementias, causes problems with behaviour and language
what is hydrocephalus?
build up of fluid in the ventricles of the brain
what are the functions of the temporal lobe?
emotion
memory
language
processing auditory information
what are the symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy?
dejavu, jamaisvu, premonitions, hallucinations, feelings of panic/fear/altered emotion
whats the function of the occipital lobe?
vison
whats the main effect in the eyes if you have an occipital lobe stroke?
homonymous hemianopia on contralateral side
what are the functuons of the parietal lobe?
processing somatosensory information
which cranial nerves are in the midbrain?
3 and 4
which cranial nerves are in the pons?
5,6,7,8
which cranial nerves are in the medulla?
9,10,11,12
what are the functions of the midbrain?
motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing
whats the functons of the pons?
generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing. Active functioning of the pons may also be fundamental to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
whats the function of the medulla?
transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.
what would a lesion in the substantia nigra cause?
parkinson symptoms
what is weber syndrome?
a midbrain stroke that causes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy
what is wallenburg syndrome?
a troke in the lateral medulla
whats the function of the vestibule-cerebellum?
balance and equilibrium
whats the function of the spinocerebellum?
postural tone
whats the function of the pontocerebellum?
fine co-ordination
what are the symptoms of a cerebellar lesion?
balance problems gait disorders difficulties in coordination resulting in ataxia, uncoordinated movements imbalance speech problems(dysarthria) visual problems (nystagmus) vertigo
whats the function of the thalamus?
relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 2 palsy?
pain with eye movement, temporary vision loss in 1 eye, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, loss of colour vision, flashing lights
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve3 palsy?
affected eye is displaced laterally and inferiorly, is dilated and there is partial ptosis
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 4 palsy?
difficulty looking down due to paralysis of superior oblique muscle
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 6 palsy?
abduction of eye due to paralysis of lateral rectus muscle
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 5 palsy?
contralateral weakness of the bottom half of the face - UMN lesion
weaness of ipsilateral side of face in LMN lesion
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 11 palsy?
difficulty shrugging shoulders and turning head to 1 side
what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 12 palsy?
LMN lesion - wastage of muscles, fasciculations, weakness of tongue, dysarthria
what is brown sequard syndrome?
a rare spinal disorder that results from injury to 1 side of the spinal cord causing ipsilateral motor and dorsal column symptoms and contralateral spinothalamic symptoms
what is a stroke?
an acute event of brain injury resulting from a pathological process of blood vessels - occlusion
what happens if a stroke is slowly progressing?
blood supply may be compensated for by collateral blood flow in the circle of willis
what are the types of stroke?
haemorrhagic thromboemvolic embolic lacunar transient ischaemic attack
what are signs of stroke?
weakness esp in arms, face drop, sensory loss, memory loss, coordinaton difficulty, speech abnormality
what are the different types of haemorrhage?
epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage
whats the biggest cause of stoke?
high blood pressure
what are subarachnoid haemorrhages?
bleeding between arachnoid and pia mater
what are the signs of a haemorrhage?
sudden severe headache seizures with no PMHx weakness in arm and legs vomiting lethargy changes in vision numbness or tingling difficulty with speech difficulty swallowing difficulty reading/writing loss of fine motor skills loss of coordination and baalnce abnormal taste loss of consciousness
what are subdural haemorrhages?
bleeding between dura and arachnoid mater - usually as a result of the head moving rapidly forward or stopping suddenly
what are extradural haematomas?
when blood accumulates between skull and dura mater - typically follows a head injury
