APPROACHES TO THE PATIENT WITH CNS DISORDERS

Question 1

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 1

intelligence
praxis
inhibition
bladder continence
saccadic eye movement
motor functions
expresion of language

Question 2

what is frontotemporal dementia?

Answer 2

dementia in front and sides of brain, starts earlier than other dementias, causes problems with behaviour and language

Question 3

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 3

build up of fluid in the ventricles of the brain

Question 4

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 4

emotion
memory
language
processing auditory information

Question 5

what are the symptoms of temporal lobe epilepsy?

Answer 5

dejavu, jamaisvu, premonitions, hallucinations, feelings of panic/fear/altered emotion

Question 6

whats the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 6

vison

Question 7

whats the main effect in the eyes if you have an occipital lobe stroke?

Answer 7

homonymous hemianopia on contralateral side

Question 8

what are the functuons of the parietal lobe?

Answer 8

processing somatosensory information

Question 9

which cranial nerves are in the midbrain?

Answer 9

3 and 4

Question 10

which cranial nerves are in the pons?

Answer 10

5,6,7,8

Question 11

which cranial nerves are in the medulla?

Answer 11

9,10,11,12

Question 12

what are the functions of the midbrain?

Answer 12

motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing

Question 13

whats the functons of the pons?

Answer 13

generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing. Active functioning of the pons may also be fundamental to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Question 14

whats the function of the medulla?

Answer 14

transmitting signals between the spinal cord and the higher parts of the brain and in controlling autonomic activities, such as heartbeat and respiration.

Question 15

what would a lesion in the substantia nigra cause?

Answer 15

parkinson symptoms

Question 16

what is weber syndrome?

Answer 16

a midbrain stroke that causes ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy

Question 17

what is wallenburg syndrome?

Answer 17

a troke in the lateral medulla

Question 18

whats the function of the vestibule-cerebellum?

Answer 18

balance and equilibrium

Question 19

whats the function of the spinocerebellum?

Answer 19

postural tone

Question 20

whats the function of the pontocerebellum?

Answer 20

fine co-ordination

Question 21

what are the symptoms of a cerebellar lesion?

Answer 21

balance problems
 gait disorders 
difficulties in coordination resulting in ataxia, 
uncoordinated movements
imbalance
speech problems(dysarthria)
visual problems (nystagmus)
 vertigo

Question 22

whats the function of the thalamus?

Answer 22

relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness

Question 23

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 2 palsy?

Answer 23

pain with eye movement, temporary vision loss in 1 eye, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, loss of colour vision, flashing lights

Question 24

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve3 palsy?

Answer 24

affected eye is displaced laterally and inferiorly, is dilated and there is partial ptosis

Question 25

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 4 palsy?

Answer 25

difficulty looking down due to paralysis of superior oblique muscle

Question 26

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 6 palsy?

Answer 26

abduction of eye due to paralysis of lateral rectus muscle

Question 27

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 5 palsy?

Answer 27

contralateral weakness of the bottom half of the face - UMN lesion weaness of ipsilateral side of face in LMN lesion

Question 28

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 11 palsy?

Answer 28

difficulty shrugging shoulders and turning head to 1 side

Question 29

what symptoms do you get with a cranial nerve 12 palsy?

Answer 29

LMN lesion - wastage of muscles, fasciculations, weakness of tongue, dysarthria

Question 30

what is brown sequard syndrome?

Answer 30

a rare spinal disorder that results from injury to 1 side of the spinal cord causing ipsilateral motor and dorsal column symptoms and contralateral spinothalamic symptoms

Question 31

what is a stroke?

Answer 31

an acute event of brain injury resulting from a pathological process of blood vessels - occlusion

Question 32

what happens if a stroke is slowly progressing?

Answer 32

blood supply may be compensated for by collateral blood flow in the circle of willis

Question 33

what are the types of stroke?

Answer 33

``` haemorrhagic thromboemvolic embolic lacunar transient ischaemic attack ```

Question 34

what are signs of stroke?

Answer 34

weakness esp in arms, face drop, sensory loss, memory loss, coordinaton difficulty, speech abnormality

Question 35

what are the different types of haemorrhage?

Answer 35

epidural hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Question 36

whats the biggest cause of stoke?

Answer 36

high blood pressure

Question 37

what are subarachnoid haemorrhages?

Answer 37

bleeding between arachnoid and pia mater

Question 38

what are the signs of a haemorrhage?

Answer 38

``` sudden severe headache seizures with no PMHx weakness in arm and legs vomiting lethargy changes in vision numbness or tingling difficulty with speech difficulty swallowing difficulty reading/writing loss of fine motor skills loss of coordination and baalnce abnormal taste loss of consciousness ```

Question 39

what are subdural haemorrhages?

Answer 39

bleeding between dura and arachnoid mater - usually as a result of the head moving rapidly forward or stopping suddenly

Question 40

what are extradural haematomas?

Answer 40

when blood accumulates between skull and dura mater - typically follows a head injury