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xB11W1 > PBL 2 > Flashcards

PBL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is an abortion?

A

a procedure to end pregnancy by taking medication or having a surgical procedure

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2
Q

how can you get an abortion?

A

self referral by contacting an abortion provider
speaking to a GP for a referral
contact a sexual health clinic for referral

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3
Q

what’s the waiting time for an abortion?

A

from when you first contact an abortion provider it will be <2 weeks

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4
Q

whats the law in the UK for abortion?

A

they can be carried out before 24 weeks and only carried out after this time for very limited circumstances e.g. mother’s life is at risk or child would be born with a severe disability
must be approved by 2 doctors that the women fits one of the abortion grounds

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5
Q

whos decision is it to have an abortion?

A

the mothers alone, you do not have to tell any partners, friends or families unless <13

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6
Q

what pills are taken for a medical abortion

A

mifepristone and misoprostol taken 24-48 hours apart

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7
Q

how do the medications used in a medical abortion work?

A

mifepristone bocks progesterone receptors whilst misoprostol binds to myometrial cells to cause myometrial contractions and expulsion of tissue

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of surgical abortions?

A

suction aspiration or dilation and evacuation

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9
Q

outline a vacuum aspiration?

A

Removes the pregnancy by gentle suction through a tube in the cervix (takes 5-10 mins).
Up to 14 weeks, this can be done with local anaesthetic. The quicker recovery time for this procedure means you can leave the clinic unattended and drive sooner.
Up to 15 weeks this can be done with sedation or under general anaesthetic.

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10
Q

outline dilation and evacuation surgery?

A

Carried out under general anaesthetic.
The pregnancy is removed using narrow forceps through the cervix.
You will need cervical preparation on the day of surgery or possibly the day before.

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11
Q

what is cervix preparation?

A

giving misoprostol/mifepristone with to without absorbent dilators called dilapan. This softens the cervix making it easier to dilate

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12
Q

how is misoprostol given as cervix preparation?

A

its placed in the vagina 3 hours before surgery or under the tongue 1 hour before surgery

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13
Q

how is mifepristone given as cervix prep?

A

its swallowed the day before treatment

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14
Q

what are dilapan?

A

matchstick-sized rods inserted into the cervix 3-24 hours before surgery. They swell to gently open the cervix

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15
Q

what are side effects of abortions?

A

Nausea; Vomiting; Fever; Chills; Diarrhea; Headache, discomfort

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16
Q

what are possible complications of abortions?

A

leaving part of the pregnancy in the womb, heavy bleeding, sepsis, infection and injury to womb

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17
Q

how could an abortion lead to increased risk of infertility?

A

if the abortion causes a womb infection and this is not treated promptly then it could lead to pelvic inflammatory disease

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18
Q

what is pro-life?

A

opposed to the belief that a pregnant woman should have the freedom to choose an abortion

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19
Q

what is pro-choice?

A

the belief that women carrying the baby should have a choice of whether to continue the pregnancy or not

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20
Q

what are some pro-life arguments?

A

life is sacred
killing the foetus is robbing them of their future and is the same as killing a full-fledged adult
life begins at conception
relaxed abortion laws may mean some use abortion as contraception
abortion discriminates against people with disabilities and devalues them

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21
Q

what are some pro-choice arguments?

A

the foetus hasn’t become a person yet
the women’s body so her chouce
if we forbid abortions then women will try to abort in ways that are far less safe than the ones used legally
women may not have financial stability and therefore a baby isnt even a choice

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22
Q

what was the Roe vs wade abortion programme?

A

that in trimester 1, abortion is the woman’s choice
in trimester 2, its the woman’s choice with government input
in trimester 3 the states interest in protecting potential human life outfights the womens right to privacy so they may prohibit abortions

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23
Q

when did abortion in the Uk become legal?

A

in 1967

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24
Q

what are some reasons for permitting abortions after 24 weeks?

A

if the woman life is in severe danger
if there is a severe foetal abnormality
if the woman is at risk of grave physical and mental injury

25
Q

whats the most common reason for abortion?

A

ground C- the pregnancy hs not exceeded its 24th week and the continuance of the pregnancy would involve risk greater than if the pregnancy was terminated or injury to the physical/mental health of the pregnant woman

26
Q

what was the impact of the 1967 abortion act?

A

The time limits were lowered from 28 to 24 weeks for most cases on the grounds that medical technology had advanced sufficiently to justify the change. Restrictions were removed for late abortions in cases of risk to life, fetal abnormality, or grave physical and mental injury to the woman.

27
Q

what do most religions beleive about abortion?

A

that it should be avoided at all costs due to the sanctity of life

28
Q

outline the antenatal care timeline

A 
the booking appointment - by 10 weeks
12 week scan
16 week scan
20 week scan
28 week
34 week
36 weeks
38 weeks
term
term + 1 week if not delivered
29
Q

what added scans are given to primiparous mothers?

A

25 and 31 week scans

30
Q

what will happen in the booking appointment?

A

a detailed history will be taken
baseline observations e.g. bp, boos tests, urine dipstick etc
opportunity for change e.g. smoking or losing weight
discussion for screening
referral to obstetrician if necessary

31
Q

what is the purpose of the 12 week ultrasound scan?

A

its the dating scan- checks how far along you are, how the baby is developing and looks for any chromosomal anomalies e.g. downs syndrome, Edwards syndrome or patsu’s syndrome

32
Q

how do we screen for downs syndrome?

A

nuchal translucency scan - a blood test and measuring the fluid at the back of the baby’s neck using ultrasound

33
Q

what is the purpose of the 20 week ultrasound scan?

A

FASP- checks the physical development of the baby e.g. looking for spina bifida, cleft lip, anencephaly
also can tell gender

34
Q

what is FASP?

A

foetal anomaly screening programme

35
Q

why might we screen pregnant women for venous thromboembolism?

A

due to them being in a hypercoagulable state

36
Q

why do pregnant women have increased UTI risk?

A

increased progesterone levels can cause infections and when you’re pregnant your pee has more sugar, protein and hormones in it which puts you at higher risk, The uterus may also be pressing on your bladder so it may be hard to release all of the urine.

37
Q

what lifestyle choices should you change when youre pregnant?

A

no alcohol, not smoking, altering diet to be less fish, no raw/partially cooked eggs, no raw/partially cooked meats, limit of 200mg of caffeine and no vitamin A supplements

38
Q

why should you not drink alcohol when youre pregnant?

A

it can pass from maternal blood into foetal and cause foetal alcohol syndrome
it can also cause miscarriage, still birth, premature birth

39
Q

what are the distinctive feautures of foetal alcohol sybdrome?

A

small head, flat face, narrow eye openings, growth problems, learning and behaviour problems, birth defects, problems bonding/feeding as a newborn

40
Q

why shouldnt you smoke during pregnancy?

A

theres strong evidence that cigarette smoke is a cause of low infant birth weight and infant mortality rate and ectopic pregnancy

41
Q

why is constipation more common in pregnant women?

A

Fluctuating hormones, diet that’s short on fluids or fiber, lack of exercise, iron pills, or general anxiety

42
Q

why should you limit fish portions to twice a week when pregnant?

A

because it can contain toxins like mercury in them

43
Q

why should you avoid raw/undercooked meats during pregnancy?

A

theres a risk of getting toxoplasmosis which can cause miscarriage

44
Q

why should you avoid eating liver and liver products during pregnancy?

A

they contain vitamin A which can be harmful to the baby

45
Q

why should you avoid raw or partially cooked eggs?

which raw eggs can you eat when pregnant?

A

due to the risk of salmonella

only ones with the red lion sticker on it because their chickens have been vaccinated against salmonella

46
Q

why should you avoid unpasturised products during pregnancy?

A

they may contains listeria which can cause listeriosis which can lead to miscarriage/stillbirth/infant illness

47
Q

when should you take folic acid in oregnancy?

A

3 months before conception and then for the first 12 weeks of pregnancy

48
Q

how much folic acid should you take a day during pregnancy?

A

400mcg

49
Q

where can you get folic acid naturally from in the diet?

A

leafy green veg, brown rice and certain breakfast cereal

50
Q

why should you take folic acid during pregnancy?

A

to prevent against neural tube defects e.g. spina bifida and anencephaly

51
Q

why is it important to take vitamin D during pregnancy?

A

to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body = normal bone growth

52
Q

what has a vitamin D deficiency been linked to in preganncy?

A

gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth and low birth weight

53
Q

when do you need to take iron during pregnancy?

A

when you’re anaemic

54
Q

why do you need to take iron during pregnancy?

A

during pregnancy the amount of blood increases so extra iron is need to make more Hb to allow for the baby and placenta
anaemia during pregnancy is associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight and infant mortality

55
Q

why should you take vitamin C during pregnancy?

A

its necessary to make collagen, tendons, bones and skin, essential for tissue repair, wound healing, bone growth and health skin, fighting infections etc
a deficiency can impair mental development

56
Q

when should a pregnant woman take calcium?

A

in the last 3 months (3rd trimester)

57
Q

why is it important to take a calcium supplement during pregnancy?

A

helps baby’s bones and teeth develop, helps keep blood and muscles moving and helps nerves send messages
reduces mother’s risk of hypertension and preeclampsia

58
Q

what happens if a pregnant woman doesnt take calcium supplements?

A

the baby will draw calcium out of the mothers bones which makes her more susceptible to osteoporosis

xB11W1 (8 decks)

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