PBL 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 types of UTIs?
cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis
what are the symptoms of a lower UTI?
dysuria, polyuria and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder, increased frequency and urgency, blood in urine, cloudy urine, brown urine, strong odoured urine, pelvic pain in women and rectal pain in men
what additional symptoms do upper UTIs have?
flank pain (loin to groin)
fever
nausea and avomiting
what symptoms do you get in infants with UTIs?
fever, crying during urination, cloudy, foul smelling or bloody urine, irritability, vomiting, refusing to eat
what symptoms do you get in an older child with a UTI?
pain when peeing, need to pee a lot, or have lower belly pain.
what symptoms would you get in a young child with a UTI?
fever, vomiting, lethargy, irritability, poor feeding, not gaining weight properly, jaundice
what symptoms might you get in an elderly person with a UTI?
there might be a lack of symptoms but typically get incontinence, change in mental status, confusion and fatigue
what usually causes UTIs?
E.coli entering the bladder via the urethra or through haematogenous spread
how can you prevent UTIs?
urinate immediately after intercourse avoid synthetic underwear e.g. nylon wipe from front to back personal hygeine exclusively breast feed for first 6 months avoid scented soaps and bubble baths
what is the first line treatment for UTIs?
antibiotics
what antibiotics are given in UTIs?
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin
why might Phenazopyridine be prescribed in UTIs?
to help with burning and urgency often felt with bladder infections
what can seem an alarming side effect of phenzopyridine?
it will most likely darken the color of your urine to an orange or red color. This is a normal effect and is not harmful.
how quickly should UTIs clear up in children on antibiotics?
24-48 hours
what’s the treatment for pyelonephritis?
Outpatient oral antibiotic therapy with a fluoroquinolone
what’s the difference between the female and Male urethra?
urethra is 5 times longer in males than females
urethra is divided into 3 segments in males but is only a short tube in females
urethra is.a common duct for urinary and reproductive system in males but there are 2 separate systems in the female
why are females more likely to get UTIs than men?
the urethra is shorter and closer to the rectum so bacteria has a shorter distance to travel
what is cystitis?
UTI of bladder
what is pyelonephritis?
UTI of kidneys
what are the ureters?
hollow muscular tubes 25-30cm long beginning as funnel-shaped tubes at the renal pelvis and run retropeitoneally over the posterior abdominal wall in front of the external iliac artery down to the pelvic brim
what is the ureter surrounded by?
the urothelium - a type of transitional epithelium that is capable of responding to stretched in the ureter
what is the structure of the bladder walls ?
its yellow with rugae which allows expansion with increased internal pressure
what are the 2 sphincters controlling the outflow of urine?
the internal and external urethral sphincters
what are the 3 parts of the male urethra? and what is the histology?
prostatic urethra - transitional epithelium
membranous urethra - pseudostrtified columnar epithelium
spongy urethra - pseudostratified columnar epithelium proximally and stratified squamous epithelium distally
what are the 3 coats of the female urethra?
muscular, erectile and mucous
outline the histology of the female uretha?
transitional cells as it enters the bladder, pseudostratified columnar epithelium further down, then stratified columnar epithelium and finally stratified squamous cells near the external urethral orifice
what is the prostate gland covered by?
the prostatic capsule
what are the 3 types of cells in the prostate?
gland cells producing fluid portion of semen
muscle cells controlling urine flow and ejaculation
fibrous cells provide supportive structure of the gland
what are the 3 ones of the postate?
peripheral - closest to rectum
transition - between central and peripheral zones
central - furthest from rectum
what’s the blood supply of the prostate?
infeiror vesical artery and drains via the prostatic plexus to the vesical plexus and internal iliac vein
what is the prostate innervated by?
the prostatic plexus
