NEPHROTIC AND NEPHRITIC SYNDROMES

Question 1

what are the primary nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 1

minimal change disease
focal segmental glomerulosclerpsos
membranous nephropathy

Question 2

what are the secondary nephrotic syndromes?

Answer 2

diabetic glomerulonephropathy

systemic amyloidosis

Question 3

what is minimal change disease?

Answer 3

when T cells release cytokines-glomerular-permeability factor which damages the foot processes of podocutes, causing effacement. The negative charge from podocytes is lost so now negatively charged molecules like albumin can enter
(nephrotic)

Question 4

what is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

Answer 4

effacement of podocyte foot processes as well as hyalinosis which develops into scar tissue.
only small sections are affected
(nephrotic)

Question 5

what is membranous nephropathy?

Answer 5

damage caused by immune complexes forming and activating the complement system which damages podocytes and mesangial cells
(nephrotic)

Question 6

what can cause membranous nephropathy?

Answer 6

SLE
drugs like NSAIDs, gold and penicillamine
infections like hep B, hep C and syphilis
solid tumours

Question 7

what is systemic amyloidosis?

Answer 7

when abnormal proteins form and are deposited in the kidneys causing tissue damage
(nephrotic)

Question 8

what is diabetic glomerulonephropathy?

Answer 8

increased glucose leads to non-enzymatic glycation which can involve the basemenet membrane of the afferent arteriole. this causes thickening of the ateriole and obstructs blood flow which increases pressure an causes hyperfiltration. This leads to mesangial cell expansion
(nephrotic)

Question 9

what are the 3 types of type 3 hypersensitivity nephritic syndromes?

Answer 9

post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtis
IgA nephopathy
diffuse proliferatve glomerulonephritis

Question 10

what are the types of nephritic syndromes?

Answer 10

type 3 hypersensitivity
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
rapidly progressive glomerulonephriis
Alport syndrome

Question 11

what is post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Answer 11

2-4 weeks after a group A streptococcal infection we get antibodies and bacterial antigens forming immune complexes. this leads to inflammatin which damages podocytes
(nephritic)

Question 12

what is IgA nephropathy?

Answer 12

when abnroaml IgA is recognised as foreugn so IgG is produced against it and we get the formation of immune complexes which deposit in the mesangium
(nephritic)

Question 13

why does IgA nephropathy typically accompany a GI or resp infection?

Answer 13

As IgA is released from mucosal tissues of the GI and respiratory systems

Question 14

what is diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis?

Answer 14

when immune complexes form in the kidney, cause inflamamton and tissue damage
>50% of glomeruli in both kidneys are affected
(nephritic)

Question 15

what is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

Answer 15

mesangial and endothelial cell proliferation
can be caused by hep B and hep C
(nephritic)

Question 16

what is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

Answer 16

when the inflamamtion is so severe that the glomerular basememnt mebrane completely breaks
(nephritic)

Question 17

what is alport syndrome?

Answer 17

a genetic disease characterised by kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities.
where there is a mutation for the gene that codes for type 4 collagen. This makes the glomerular basement membrane thin and splits it
(nephritic)