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IMD > PBL 14 -Bridget O'Farrell > Flashcards

PBL 14 -Bridget O'Farrell Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

An abnormal mass of tissue growth with exceeds and is uncoordinate with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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2
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant epithelial tumour

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3
Q

Adenoma

A

A benign tumour of glandular origin

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4
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant mesenchymal tumour

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5
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal or disordered growth

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6
Q

Polyp

A

Growth of mass protruding from the mucous membrane. Usually an outgrowth of normal cells

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7
Q

Benign

A

Cell type + oma

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8
Q

Atypia

A

Abnormality within a cell

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9
Q

Malignant

A

Cell type/differentiation + carcinoma/sarcoma

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10
Q

Dyscrasia

A

Imbalance of component elements i.e. plasma cell dyscrasia

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11
Q

Hamartoma

A

Tumour-like malformation composed of differentiated tissues. Normal to the site of original e.g. localized chrondromatous hamartoma lung

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12
Q

Teratoma

A

True neoplasm composed of tissues foreign to the site of origin e.g. teeth

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13
Q

Polyposis

A

Formation of numerous polyps

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14
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Different sizes and shapes

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15
Q

Stroma

A

The tissue that forms the matrix of framework of an organ

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16
Q

Parenchyma

A

The essenstial or functional elements of an organ as dinstinguished from its framework/stroma

17
Q

Outline the pathology and characteristics of benign tumours

A

Rate of growth: Slow

Local Invasion: Expansile, well demarcated

Metastasis: Absent

Recurrence Outcome: Favourable

Capsule: Common

Necrosis: Rare

Atypia: Mild

Pleiomorphism: Mild

Mitosis: Rare; but common mitotic figures

Differentiation: Well differentiated (similar to original tissue)

18
Q

Outlike the pathology and characteristics of malignant tumours

A

Rate of growth: Erratic (fast or slow)

Local invasion: Infiltrative, invasive undefined margins or pseudo-encapsulated

Metastasis: more common

Recurrence Outcome: Lethal

Capsule: No; might have pseudocapsules

Ulceration: Common

Necrosis: COmmon

Atypia: Severe

Peiomorphism: Severe

Mitosis: Numerous but abnormal mitotic figure

Differentiation: Lacking

19
Q

Draw a flow chart outlining the pathology of malignant tumours

A
20
Q

Draw a flowchart outlining metastasis

A
21
Q

What are some of the natural characteristics of malignant cells?

A
  • Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  • Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals/limitless replication
  • Evade Apoptosis
  • Defects in DNA repair
  • Sustained angiogenesis
  • Potential Metastasise
  • Evave Immune system
22
Q

How do we determine malignancy?

A

ABCDE

A - asymmetry

B - border irregularity

C -colour variation

D -diameter

E - elevation

23
Q

Describe the nature and course of malignant melanoma

A
  • Malignant tumour of melanocyte
  • Risk Factors: UV light, family history
  • Depth of invasion determines behaviour
  • Natural History:
  1. Radial growth phase: Initial phase of invasion, melanocytes proliferate laterally with epidermis
  2. Vertical growth phase: Final phase of invasion, malignant cells invade reticular dermis
  3. Increased risk of metastasis
  • Prevention: sunscreen, protective clothing
  • Treatment: Excision of lesion and surrounding tissue
24
Q

Describe the nature and course of Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Malignancy originating from epidermal basal cells
  • Normally does not metastasize
  • Caused by chronic exposure to UV light
  • Increased risk in sun exposed areas

Natural history

  1. Slowly enlarging, locally invasive neoplasm
  2. Tumour -compact areas, well demarcated
  3. Invades dermis
  4. Most develop before 20 years old
  5. Raised papule or nodule with central crater
25
Q

What are some of the local effects of cancer?

A
  1. Compression of surrounding structures
  2. Destruction of functional tissues
  3. Ulceration, abscess
  4. Increased coagulation
  5. Occlusion
  6. Angiogenesis
  7. Irregular secretion of hormones
26
Q

What are some of the distant effects of cancer?

A

Cachexia: weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, loss of apetite

Infections due to immunosuppression

Paraneoplastic syndrome: disorders arising from metabolic effects of cancerous growth, e.g. cushing’s, anemia, SIADH, DVT, hyperglycaemia, hypercalaemia

Fever

27
Q

What are the organisms responsible for wound infection?

A
  1. Step pyrogenes +
  2. Staph aureis +
  3. Clostridium -
  4. H. influenza -

IMD (5 decks)

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