PBL 1 Flashcards
define kwashiorkor
form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency in the diet, this affects young children, the main sign is too much fluid in the bodies tissues which can cause swelling under the skin, could be due to a reduce plasma protein and electrolytes in the blood causing the fluid to enter the interstitial tissues
define marasmus
form of sever malnutrition usually occurs in children, loose a lot of muscle mass and subcutnaoues fat, it is characterstied by energy deficiency marasmums is inadequate energy intake in all forms including portien whereas Kwashiorkor is protein deficiency with adequate energy intake
define referring syndrome
this is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients that are malnourished, this can trigger the synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein in the cells can cause the lower of phosphate, potassium and magnesium (as they are used in the synthesis of glycogen fat and proteins) in the blood causing cardiac symptoms
define pabrinex
this is an injection that contains vitamin B and C (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide and ascorbic acid)
define F75 diet
this is the diet that is used in the initial management of malnutrition beginning as soon as possible and continuing for 2-7 days, it is a diet that is low in protein or sodium and high in carbohydrate, they are also given vitamins but this does not include iron
define RUTF
– ready to use therapeutic food – it is a ready to use paste which does not need to be mixed with water thereby avoiding the risk of bacterial proliferation in the case of accidental contamination- product is peanut butter mixed with dried skim milk and vitamins and minerals
define a weight watchers program
assess each member by age, weight, height and gender and then determines how much food they need to lose at a safe rate, assigned a daily point target and spends those points on food
define a low glycemic index diet
this involves swapping high GI foods for low GI alternatives, has a number of potential health benefits including reducing blood sugar levels, aiding weight loss and lowering your risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes
define an Atkins diet
this is a high fat high protein with low carb vegetables diet
what are the causes of kwashiorkor
- Due to a lack of protein in the diet, need protein to make and repair new cells, protein is important for growth in childhood and pregnancy, lack of protein causes normal body functions to shut down
what is the treatment of kwashiorkor
- F75 diet then an RUTF diet
- Preventing low blood glucose
- Treating infections with anitbitoics
- Treat the dehydrogenation with formulated rehydration solution
- Treating vitamin and mineral deficiencies, vitamin supplements are usually included in the special milk feeds and RUTF
- Slowly introducing small amount of food and then gradually increasing it
what are the symptoms of kwashiorkor
- Edema – this is not in marasumus
- Change in skin and hair colour
- Fatigue
- Diahrroea
- Loss of muscle mass
- Damaged immune system
- Irritability
- Shock
- Flaky rash
- Stunted growth
- Regular infection
- cracked nails
what is the diagnosis of kwashiorkor
- Checks for a enlarged liver and swelling
- Check how well liver and kidneys are working by testing the urine and blood for anaemia
- Measure the levels of vitamin and minerals in the body
- Then blood and urine tests done to measure the level of protein and sugar in the blood
- Arterial blood gas, blood urea nitrogen, blood levels of creatine, blood levels of potassium, urinalysis
what is the prognosis of kwashiorkor
- Depends on how sever symptoms were when treatment began
- If started early recover well
- If treatment started in the later stages then they may be left with physical and intellectual disabilities
- If treatment is significantly delayed can lead to death
what are the causes of marasmus
- Nutrient deficiency is the main cause of marasmus, occurs in children that don’t ingest enough protein calories and carbohydrate, also have deficiens in iron, iodine, zinc, vitamin A
- Viral and bacteria and parastitic infections can cause children to absorb fewer nutrients
what are the treatment of marasmus
- F-75 or RUTF diet,
- Interfusion of human albumin solution
- May need oral rehydration
- Initially F-75 – given dried skim milk that is mixed with boiled water and then once the children can tolerate this they are moved onto a RUTF diet which contains a vegetable mix
- Has to be done slowly otherwise it can cause refeeding syndrome