MET PBL 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the lower urinary tract contain

A
ureters
bladder 
urethra 
internal sphincters
external sphincters
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2
Q

what muscle are the structures of the lower urinary tract made out of

A

smooth muscle expect the external urethral sphincter which is striated

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3
Q

describe the pathway of the ureters

A
  • They pass over the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery.
  • Curves medially into the iliac spines and enter the bladder at posterosuperior angles
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4
Q

what is the purpose of the angle that the ureters enter the bladder

A

o Rising pressures during micronutrition closes these orifices to prevent reflex.

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5
Q

what propels urine into the bladder

A

peristalsis

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6
Q

describe the trilayered wall of the ureters

A

o Transitional epithelial mucosa.
o Smooth muscle muscularis.
o Fibrous connective tissue adventitia.

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7
Q

what is the nerve supply of the ureteres

A

• Visceral afferents enter at spinal levels T11-L1/L2.

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8
Q

describe how the ureter nerve supply changes

A

• Pain (Ureter/Kidney Stones)
o Referred along ilioinguinal and Iliohypogastric nerves (L1).
 As stone descends patient may start to feel pain over groin.
 Because of changing nerve segments (pain referred to genitofemoral (L1/L2).

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9
Q

where does the bladder lie

A

Lies retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor (posterior to pubic symphysis

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10
Q

how is the bladder connected to the umbilicus

A

median umbilicus via the median umbilical ligament

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11
Q

what is the trigone in the bladder

A

smooth muscle between the ureters and urethra

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12
Q

what is the name of the muscle in the bladder

A

detrusor

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13
Q

describe the histological make up of the bladder

A

Detrusor
• Muscular wall of the bladder.
o Empty: mucosa is thrown into folds.

• Transitional epithelium (cuboidal to columnar).
o Dome/umbrella cells that maintain impermeability to epithelium.

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14
Q

what does the stress relaxation compliance property of the bladder allow

A

Stress-Relaxation/Compliance Property: enables detrusor to expand when filling (without consequent rise in intra-vesicular pressure

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15
Q

what do the urethras do

A

drain urine that is in the bladder

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16
Q

describe the female urethra

A

Females:

  • urethra tightly bound to anterior vaginal wall.
  • A lot shorter: more risk of UTI. Females,
  • no IUS.
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17
Q

describe the male urethra

A
  • Intramural: (pre-prostatic).
  • Prostatic: contains ejaculatory ducts
  • Intermediate: penetrates perineal membrane (surrounded by EUS)
  • Spongy: final part of the corpus spongiosum of penis.
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18
Q

where does the prostate gland lie

A
  • lies just beneath the bladder
  • adjacent to the rectal wall
  • partially surrounds the top of the urethra
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19
Q

what does the prostate gland do

A

Makes semen with seminal vesicle.

20
Q

what can enlargement of the prostate gland cause

A

it can compress the urethra

21
Q

describe the innervation of the bladder

A
  • Autonomic innervation (hypogastric nerve).
  • Post-ganglionic pelvic parasympathetic nerves.

o Release acetylcholine which stimulate muscarinic M3 receptors that cause contraction

22
Q

describe the innervation of the internal urethral sphincter

A

Autonomic innervation.
o Post-ganglionic hypogastric sympathetic nerves and cause contraction

 Releases noradrenaline onto alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

23
Q

describe the innervation of the external urethral sphincter

A

• Somatic innervation (pudendal nerve).
o Release acetylcholine which stimulates nicotinic receptors on striated muscle.

• Pelvic afferent nerves detect stretch of the bladder wall and convey impulses to the sacral spinal cord and brain.

24
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms involved in micturition

A

storage phase
inhibition of diuresis
micturition reflex

25
Q

describe the storage phase

A

• Sympathetic efferents (STOPS PEE)
o Maintain tonic contraction in IUS.
o Inhibition contraction of detrusor muscle: beta 3

26
Q

describe the inhibition of diuresis

A

• Pelvic visceral afferents (S2-S4) signal to to the sacral spinal cord. Synapse and travel to the micturition centre. If not socially acceptable:
o Tightening of EUS (voluntary)
o Inhibition of contraction of detrusor

27
Q

describe the micturition reflex

A

• Inhibition of somatic efferents (pudendal nerve) and sympathetic efferents (hypogastric nerve) by interneurons that travel from micturition centre.
o Leads to relaxation of detrusor and external urethral sphincter

• Stimulation of parasympathetic efferents (PERMITS PEE)
o Stimulate detrusor muscle to contract.

28
Q

describe what happens to the bladder in children

A

In Children: in age 2-3 descending circuits have matured enough to override spinal reflex initiated urination.
• Briefly, visceral afferent impulses are transmitted to the higher brain centres, provide conscious awareness of bladder fullness. Can then consciously inhibit urination

29
Q

describe what urine culture and serum urea and creatinine is tested for

A

• Baseline test for infection (due to stasis of urine)/kidney damage due to back pressure

30
Q

why is a digital rectal examination do

A

• Allows a doctor to check the prostate by inserting finger into rectum.
o Irregular rather than smooth surface = possibility of malignancy.

31
Q

why is a PSA blood test do

A

• Prostate secretes PSA normally (involved in liquefying semen).
• Enlarged = a raise in PSA levels.
o If this is significant: rise in PSA suggest a biopsy should be considered for prostate cancer.

 NOTE: normal PSA does not rule out possibility of cancer.
 PSA can also increase when prostate is infected/inflamed.

• PSA levels generally increase with age.
o PSA >4 in younger people should be further investigated
o Later PSA >10 may be acceptable.

32
Q

what does urinary flow test measure

A

• Measures the maximum rate of urine flow.

33
Q

what does the post void residual volume test measure

A

• Measures if there is urine that remains in the bladder after urination.
o If high = evidence for that there is bladder outflow obstruction.
 If chronic retention, post-micturition volume can be 1.5 litres or more.
• Indicative of chronic renal failure.

• Measured through ultrasound/catheter.
o NOTE: care must be taken. If there is chronic retention/renal failure an insertion of a catheter and therefore possible relief of obstruction = massive diuresis and severe/potentially lethal problems maintaining fluid balance.

34
Q

what does a trans rectal ultrasound measure

A

• Measures prostate size and anatomical shape.

35
Q

what does a prostate biospy do

A

• Helps diagnose/role out prostate cancer.

o Done when PSA is high or irregularity in the DRE.

36
Q

explain the enlargement of the prostate gland

A

• Aways occurs within men over 60 (prostate gradually enlarges after age of 50).
o By 70  8/10 men will have an enlarges prostate.
• It is therefore normal to have a benign enlargement of the prostate

37
Q

when does the prostate start to enlarge

A

gradually enlarges after the age of 50

38
Q

explain the symptoms

A

• = distorts the urethra and obstruct bladder outflow.
o Leads to hypertrophy of bladder to overcome obstruction and void urine.
 Hyperplasia affects glandular/connective tissue.
 Eventually bladder dilates and the muscle fails as it cannot generate enough pressure.

• = impairs vesico-ureteric junction (causing reflux of urine).
o Results in hyronephrosis and chronic renal failure.

39
Q

explain how tamsulosin works

A

Medical Treatment
Tamsulosin: alpha adrenergic receptor blocker: relaxes the smooth muscle of the IUS.
• Opposes restriction on bladder neck outlet.

40
Q

explains how finasteride works

A

• Competitive inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase, which is the enzyme involved in the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.
o Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for prostatic growth and enlargement.
• Therefore, finasteride decreases prostatic volume with an increase in urine flow.

41
Q

describe the different zones of the prostate and what pathology occur there

A

Transitional Zone: 5-10%. Surrounds the prostatic urethra. Site of BPH.

Central Zone: 25%. Surrounds the ejaculatory ducts.

Peripheral Zone: 60-65%. Most prostatic carcinomas occur here (70%).

42
Q

what are the zones of the prostate

A

transitional zone
central zone
peripheral zone

43
Q

what happens to the detrusor when the bladder is emptied

A

it is thrown into folds

44
Q

what provides voluntary control to the external urethral sphincter

A

the pudendal nerve S2-S4

45
Q

describe the basic mechanisms of micturition

A

Urine accumulation causes distension of bladder wall.

This activates stretch receptors in the wall.

Visceral afferents convey impulses to the sacral spinal
cord.

Interneurones excite parasympathetic nerves and
inhibit sympathetic nerves.

This results in detrusor contraction and IUS relaxation.

46
Q

What is responsible for prostate enlargement

A

o Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for prostatic growth and enlargement.

47
Q

3 constrictions of the ureter

A

uro-pelvic junction (renal pelvis just below)
pelvic brim
vesico-ureteric - (goes into the bladder)