Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pols > PBIO > Flashcards

PBIO Flashcards

1
Q

Life cycles

A

the series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mitosis

A

process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meiosis

A

process where a single cell divides TWICE to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information
-sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Haploid

A

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organisms cells
-egg and sperm cells are haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diploid

A

-sexually reproducing organisms are diploid
-presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organisms cells
-each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-new offspring produced by a single parent
-no fertilization
-no gamete formation
-short
-genetically similar offspring
-mitotic
-ploidy stays the same
-mitosis ONLY
-no meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sexual reproduction: gametic

A

-creating new individual using two parent organisms
-gametes (sex cells)
-fertilization (joining of gametes to form organism)
-zygote (cell formed during gametes fusion)
-two parents
-genetic variation
-no mitosis in haploid stage
-haploid stage is when gametes fertilize
-meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sexual reproduction: sporic

A

-meiosis
-fertilization
-mitosis in BOTH diploid and haploid stage
-all land plants, some algae
-diploid stage produces spores by MEIOSIS
-spores grow into a haploid stage that produces gametes by mitosis
-gametes fuse to produce zygote that grows into sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ploidy

A

number of chromosomes occuring in nucleus of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pollination

A

transferring pollen grains from male anther of flower to female stigma
-before fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fertilization

A

combining male gamete with female gamete to produce zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Coevolution

A

process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species that interact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

female parts of a flower

A

-pistil
-stigma
-style
-ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pistil

A

-female part of flower
-located in center of flower
-made up of stigma, style, and ovary
-stigma is the sticky knob at top of pistil
-attached to long tubelike structure called style
-style connects stigma to ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Male parts of flower

A

-stamens
-surround the pistil
-stamen is made up of two parts: the anther and filament
-the anther produces pollen (male reproductive cells)
-the filament holds the anther up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

perianth

A

-non reproductive (accessory, sterile) part of flower
-consists of floral leaves
-sepal
-petals
-attracts pollinators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hermaphroditic flowers

A

-both stamens and pistils
-monoecious (same house)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dioecious

A

-a plant has either stamens and pistils, not both
-two houses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gynodioecious

A

-hermaphroditic flower + female flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Androdioecious

A

-hermaphroditic flower + male flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

self pollination

A

pollination occurs within a flower
-pollination occurs between flowers on the SAME plant

22
Q

Outcrossing

A

-pollination occurs between flowers on DIFFERENT plants

23
Q

Self incompatibility

A

-mechanism to avoid inbreeding
-pollen can be blocked at the stigma surface or during growth to ovule
-plants can recognize their own pollen based on genetic similarity
-pollen MUST be transferred to other plants

24
Q

mechanisms to avoid inbreeding

A

-timing of pollen shedding or stigma receptivity
-flower shape
-dioecy (pollen MUST be transferred to other plants)

25
Q

Animal pollination

A

-most flowering plants are animal pollinated
-depends on animals to transfer pollen from one flower to another
-more precise than wind pollination
-plants attract multiple pollinators
-generalists are pollinators that visit multiple plant species
-specialists are pollinators that visit a single plant species

26
Q

wind pollination

A
  • a lot of energy to produce enough pollen for wind pollination
    -plants fertilized by wind borne pollen
27
Q

pollinators

A

-pollinators are seeking a reward
-nectar (sugar/amino acids)
-oils (provide fat)
-pollen (high protein)
-they are attracted by scent (sweet odor, pheromone) and floral pigments

28
Q

Pollination syndrome

A

-suits of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollinators
-bees are red blind but have good color vision besides
-bees typically like blue yellow or white flowers
-coevolution

29
Q

Directional selection

A
  • on pollinators and plants
    -traits on one side of the mean of their population survive better
30
Q

Seed dispersal mechanisms

A

-disperse seeds to reduce competition and reduce inbreeding
-water dispersed
-wind dispersed
-animal dispersed (predictable/targeted by feeding on fruits and passing seeds, seed hoarding, or sticking to fur)

31
Q

seed dispersal cues

A

-fruits typically provide cues that they are ready to be dispersed
-color change
-odor
-favors dispersal of mature seeds
-coevolution

32
Q

ecology

A

study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions that determine distribution and abundance

33
Q

scales in ecology

A

population= all individuals of a given species present in an area

community= all the populations present in a given area

ecosystem= the community together with the abiotic environment in which its set

biome= broad regions of similar ecosystems defined by climatic conditions

34
Q

Population growth

A

carrying capacity:
-max # of organisms that an environment can support
-population growth flattens when resources become limiting (birth rate=death rate, no growth)

-exhaust resources: population crashes
-nutrients added: carrying capacity fluctuates
-richer medium: carrying capacity increases

-in a closed system, there are fixed limits

35
Q

predator prey cycles

A

1.) prey population booms due to low predator frequency

2.) predator population booms due to abundant prey

3) prey population crashes due to predation

4) predator population crashes due to lack of resources

5) cyclical as resources recover

36
Q

population growth rate

A

population growth rate (r) = population birth rate (b) - population death rate (d)

37
Q

habitat

A

where an organism lives

38
Q

ecological niche

A

a summary of an organism’s requirements in order to practice its way of life
-ecological role of a species in a community
-interaction with other species

limiting factors in plants
-temperature and moisture

39
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

ex: pollinators and plants

40
Q

plant and microbe mutualism

A

-fungi and bacteria in soil provides nutrients to plants

41
Q

competition

A

both organisms cost
-results in reduction of reproduction or survival
-Gause’s Law is competition exclusion principle
-two species competing for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist

42
Q

Predation/parasitism

A

-herbivory: consumption of plants by animals
-parasitism: fungal pathogen on soybean
-parasites: live in or on members of another species absorb nutrients/energy from hosts

43
Q

commensalism

A

positive effect on one species but no effect on the other species

44
Q

succession

A

-the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time

-primary succession: on non vegetated land (glaciers retreating, volcanic eruption)

-secondary succession: on previously vegetated land (soil present: abandoned farmland, after deforestation)

45
Q

ecosystem: energy and nutrients

A

-energy flows through ecosystems, entering as light and leaving as heat
-nutrients cycle through ecosystems

46
Q

flow of energy

A

food chain- description of the flow of energy through an ecosystem

trophic level- species grouped on the basis of what they eat (larger # organisms at lower trophic levels)

1) sun
2) primary producers
3) primary consumers
4) secondary consumers
5) tertiary consumers
6) decomposers

47
Q

Food chain

A

description of flow of energy through an ecosystem
-food web is better

48
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

-most abundant element in atmosphere
-not in a form that plants or animals can use
-need nitrogen to make protein, dna, and atp

49
Q

matter

A

matter cycles through ecosystems through biotic and abiotic pools

50
Q
A

Pols (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions