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MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

What is political efficacy

A

the belief that one can influence government and politics

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2
Q

What is political knowledge?

A

information about the formal institutions of government, political actors, and political issues

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3
Q

What is political trust?

A

citizen’s confidence in political institutions as important indicator of political legitimacy

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4
Q

Why are political trust, political efficacy, and political knowledge important for a functioning democracy?

A

evidence suggests that political knowledge contributes to:
- more stable and consistent political attitudes
- helps citizens achieve their own interests and make decisions that conform with their attitudes and preferences
- promotes support for democratic values
- facilitates trust in the political system
- motivates political participation

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5
Q

Articles of confederation

A

America’s first written constitution; served as the basis for America’s national government until 1789

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6
Q

the power of the federal government began to expand after 1933 in response to __

A

the stock market crash of 1929, the great depression, and the run on banks of 1933

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7
Q

Which of the following statements concerning political values in the united states is most accurate?

A

american values often conflict with each other in practice

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8
Q

the boston tea party was largely a response to the __

A

british government’s decision to grant the east india company a monopoly on the export of tea from britain

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9
Q

how was political power in the continental congress divided under the articles of confederation?

A

each state had an equal vote

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10
Q

which clause in the US Constitution affirms that national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land?

A

the supremacy clause

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11
Q

Which clause is the source of implied powers under the US Constitution?

A

necessary and proper

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12
Q

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v Board of Education (1954)

A

racially segregated schools can never be equal

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13
Q

The ____ clause of the First Amendment protects an individual’s right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses

A

free exercise

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14
Q

Conservatives are more likely than liberals to support ___

A

school prayer

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15
Q

Liberalism and conservatism are examples of ___

A

political ideologies

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16
Q

One problem with online news is that when negative stories go viral and spread quickly without fact-checking or respect for the privacy of public figures, it is possible people are reading ___

A

fake news

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17
Q

Which of the following statements best characterizes the difference between agenda setting and framing?

A

framing is more about how events are interpreted; agenda setting is more about which events are covered by the media

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18
Q

What kind of trend is seen in government trust over the years?

A

downnward

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19
Q

What are the roles of a citizen?

A

informed, active, hold officials accountable

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20
Q

What gives both illegal and legal immigrants the same rights as US citizens

A

Due process (4th amendment)

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21
Q

2 forms of democratic government

A

representative and direct

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22
Q

How did they try to reach the goal of limiting government power?

A

separation of powers, federalism, divided constituencies, and Bill of Rights

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23
Q

What is required to amend the Constitution?

A

2/3 vote in Congress

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24
Q

Constitution is conservative because it ___ the revolution; it is liberal because it ___ the revolution

A

preserve; introduced

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25
Q

Why is federalism better for diverse countries?

A

it allows them to self govern (autonomy)

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26
Q

2 types of powers granted to congress

A

expressed and implied

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27
Q

Obergefell v Hodges

A

ruled all 50 states had to issue and recognize all marriages. Protected under 14th amendment

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28
Q

Dred Scott v Sanford

A

not protected under constitution, end was foreseeable (art 1 sect 8 commerce clause)

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29
Q

Mccoulloch v Maryland

A

this case gave federal government more control; started appointing implied powers

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30
Q

Gibbons v Ogden

A

this case gave congress power over interstate commerce but never defined it

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31
Q

Why are civil liberties so important to a democracy?

A

protect minorities, provide basic foundation for democracy, protects the marketplace of ideas

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32
Q

was the constitutional convention concluded with a Bill of Rights?

A

no

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32
Q

Which amendment applies Bill of Rights to the states?

A

14th amendment

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32
Q

What are three forms of media?

A

print, broadcast, digital

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32
Q

what are the 3 agents of socialization?

A

parents, education, media

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32
Q

what are the cons of broadcast media?

A

incomplete coverage, opinionated, time-constrained

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32
Q

how did Articles of confederation set up the relationship between the states and the federal government

A

The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments

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33
Q

Separation of powers

A

the division of the governmental power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making

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34
Q

Checks and balances

A

mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches;

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35
Q

Federalism

A

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

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36
Q

Unitary systems

A

centralized government systems in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

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37
Q

Constitutional powers of the national government

A
  • supremacy clause
  • necessary and proper clause
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38
Q

supremacy clause

A

Article VI of the constitution, which states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties are the supreme law of the land and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision

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39
Q

necessary and proper clause

A

Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its expressed powers

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40
Q

expressed powers

A

Specific powers granted by the constitution to congress (Article 1, Section 8) and to the president (Article 2)

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41
Q

implied powers

A

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution: such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

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42
Q

10th amendment

A
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43
Q

Police powers

A
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44
Q

reserved powers

A
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45
Q

Powers that are shared by both the national and state governments

A

collect taxes, provide for the health and welfare of people, build roads, borrow money

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46
Q

Concurrent powers

A

authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

47
Q

Full faith and credit clause

A

provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

48
Q

Home rule

A

Power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

49
Q

Bill of rights

A

the first 10 amendments to the US constitution, ratified in 1791: they ensure certain rights and liberties to the people

50
Q

Civil rights

A

guarantees of equal opportunity and protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals

51
Q

Civil liberties

A

areas of personal freedom constitutionally protected from government interference

52
Q

Establishment clause

A

The First Amendment clause that says “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion”; this constitutional provision means that a “wall of separation” exists between church and state

53
Q

Free exercise clause

A

the First Amendment clause that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice whatever religion they choose

54
Q

plessy v ferguson

A

advanced the controversial “separate but equal” doctrine for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws.

55
Q

separate but equal

A

refers to the infamously racist decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that allowed the use of segregation laws by states and local governments

56
Q

brown v board of education

A

In this milestone decision, the Supreme Court ruled that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional.

57
Q

1965 voting rights act

A

outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting

58
Q

redlining

A

illegal discriminatory practice in which a mortgage lender denies loans or an insurance provider restricts services to certain areas of a community, often because of the racial characteristics of the applicant’s neighbourhood

59
Q

values (beliefs)

A

basic principles that shape a person’s opinions about political issues and events

60
Q

attitudes (opinions)

A

Specific preferences on particular issues

61
Q

political ideologies

A

a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government

62
Q

types of political ideology

A

-liberalism
-conservatism
-moderates

63
Q

partisanship

A

Identification with or support of a particular party or cause

64
Q

features of a good public opinion poll

A
  • sample size
    -random sample
    -margin of error
65
Q

social desirability bias

A

the effect that results when respondents in a survey answer questions in a way that will be viewed favorably by others; can lead to overreporting good behavior or socially acceptable answers, or underreporting socially undesirable behavior

66
Q

push poll

A

pressuring someone to answer the way you want them to

67
Q

bandwagon effect

A

shifts in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front runner

68
Q

selection bias

A

polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions

69
Q

media

A

print and digital forms of communication, including television, newspapers, radio, the internet, and social media sites– that convey information to large audiences

70
Q

broadcast media

A

communication methods such as television and radio; they tend to take the form of one publisher to many viewers

71
Q

print media

A
72
Q

digital media

A
73
Q

media monopolies

A

giant, often global, corporations that control a wide array of media, including television networks, movie studios, record companies, cable channels, book and newspaper publishers, and digital media outlets

74
Q

profit motive of the media

A
  • need advertisement money so appeal to viewers to get more views and more money
75
Q

agenda setting

A

the media’s designation of some issues, events or people as important and others not

76
Q

framing

A

the process of presenting information from a certain perspective in order to shape the audience’s understanding of that information

77
Q

priming

A

the process of calling attention to some issues, and not others, when reporting on political events and officials

78
Q

it is important for americans to have political knowledge so that they will

A

be better able to assess their own interests when making political choices

79
Q

in order to increase political efficacy, it is necessary to

A

increase political knowledge

80
Q

which of the following is an accurate statement about the consequences of declining trust in government?

A

distrust makes it difficult for government to attract talented and effective workers to public service

81
Q

the digital divide refers to the fact that

A

some groups are excluded from online participation in society

82
Q

why are knowledge citizens more engaged in politics?

A

they often better understand how politics affect their lives

83
Q

Of the powers contained within the U.S. Constitution, which are more clearly articulated?

A

Expressed powers

84
Q

Why did the delegates at the Philadelphia convention initially turn down the idea of including a list of citizens’ rights in the constitution?

A

They believed that since the federal government was already limited to its expressed powers, further protection of citizens was not needed.

85
Q

The existence of slavery in the United States is a good example of how

A

American values are not always reflected in practice

86
Q

Daniel Shays was

A

A former army captain that led a mob of farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government

87
Q

A push poll is more likely to include which of the following questions?

A

Do you think it was appropriate for President Obama to lie about how Benghazi happened?

88
Q

The power delegated by a state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs is known as

A

Home rule

89
Q

_____ powers exist when both the state and national governments share authority in certain domains

A

Concurrent

90
Q

Why was the Declaration of Independence a remarkable political statement for its time?

A

It helped unify colonial groups that were divided along economic, regional, and philosophical lines by identifying shared problems, grievances, and principles

91
Q

Under the Articles of Confederation, the relationship between the states and the federal government can best be compared to

A

The United Nations’ relationship with member states

92
Q

Why did states like Delaware, Connecticut, and New York oppose the Virginia Plan?

A

They feared that large states would dominate the new government if representation were to be determined by population as stipulated by the Virginia Plan.

93
Q

How many respondents to a poll are needed, at a minimum, for its results to be accepted as adequately representative of a much larger population?

A

1000

94
Q

What is an unfunded mandate?

A

A federal law that requires the states to do certain things but does not provide state governments with the funding to implement these policies

95
Q

The Antifederalists argued that the powers of the national government should be limited by

A

Adding a bill of rights to the Constitution

95
Q

Compared with the Articles of Confederation, federalism under the Constitution has led to

A

Greater centralization of power

96
Q

The “separate but equal” doctrine

A

Permitted a system of segregated social facilities

97
Q

Federalism is best defined as a system of government

A

In which power is divided between a national government and lower level governments

98
Q

What is a political value?

A

Basic principles that shape a person’s opinions about political issues and events

99
Q

When using a simple random sample

A

Every individual in a population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent

100
Q

A state government’s authority to regulate the safety, health, and morals of its citizens is called ______ power.

A

Reserved

101
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the history of American federalism?

A

Since the Founding, there has been considerable debate about the allocation of responsibilities between the states and the federal government

101
Q

Nations that adopt a federal arrangement are most likely to have

A

Diverse ethnic or language groups

102
Q

What is the purpose of the Tenth Amendment?

A

To limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people

103
Q

Civil rights laws have prohibited redlining, which is the practice of

A

Blocking mortgage loans for houses located in certain neighborhoods

104
Q

One problem with online news is that when negative stories go viral and spread quickly without fact-checking or respect for the privacy of public figures, it is possible people are reading

A

Fake news

105
Q

Which of the following statements about mass media numbers and ownership is accurate?

A

The number of news sources (those doing the actual news gathering) is actually quite small

106
Q

The so-called wall of separation between church and state is best found in which clause of the Constitution?

A

The establishment clause

107
Q

The unalienable rights of “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness” are found in which document?

A

The declaration of independence

108
Q

What is the name of the clause that is understood to give congress the power to pass any law that is crucial to carry out its expressed powers?

A

Necessary and proper clause

109
Q

If a person supports a candidate because he or she is the front-runner in a poll, it is an example of the

A

Bandwagon effect

110
Q

______ are areas of personal freedom with which governments are constrained from interfering

A

Civil liberties

111
Q

What is agenda setting?

A

The power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems

112
Q

The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A

Established the “separate but equal” rule

113
Q

The power of the media to decide how the American people interpret political events and results is called

A

Framing

114
Q

A political ideology is best defined as

A

A cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government

115
Q

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

A

Racially segregated schools can never be equal

116
Q

In understanding public opinion, what is an attitude?

A

A specific preference on a particular issue

117
Q

One of the persistent consequences of redlining is

A

A racial wealth gap

118
Q

_____ generally support reproductive rights and oppose state involvement with religious institutions

A

Liberals

119
Q

The fact that survey respondents over-report voting in elections and the frequency of their church attendance is an example of the

A

Social desirability bias

120
Q

Suppose a public opinion poll has a margin of error of +/- 3 points. The Republican candidate has the support of 52% of respondents, and the Democratic candidate has the support of 48%. Which of the following statements would be supported with the poll?

A

It could go either way

Pols (5 decks)

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