pavlov

Question 1

define classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association

Question 2

define unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

any stimulus that produces a natural, unlearnt response

Question 3

define neutral stimulus

Answer 3

a stimulus that doesn’t cause a natural response

Question 4

define conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

a new stimulus associated with the UCS so it now produces the same response on its own

Question 5

define unconditioned response

Answer 5

any response that occurs naturally

Question 6

define conditioned response

Answer 6

learnt behaviour

Question 7

define extinction

Answer 7

CS is continually presented without UCS then the CR dies out

Question 8

define spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

CR isn’t reinforced so it will be extinguished but after a period of time the response may appear

Question 9

define discrimination

Answer 9

CR is produced only by the original stimulus, not by other similar stimuli

Question 10

define generalisation

Answer 10

extension of the CR from the original stimulus to similar stimuli

Question 11

define one trial learning

Answer 11

when conditioning occurs immediately after 1 trial only

Question 12

what is one trial learning associated with

Answer 12

phobias

Question 13

what was the aim

Answer 13

to study how the cerebral cortex works in making associations and to look for a mechanism linking reflexes to the cerebral cortex

Question 14

what was the procedure

Answer 14

used a variety of NS including a metronome, bell, and buzzer as no specific behavioural response was caused by those in dogs
he paired the NS with food to condition the NS to produce the same response
first he slid in a food bowl, then blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth from an adjacent room
before giving the dog food, he would use a metronome and after several pairings of the food with the metronome, the dog began salivation to the sound of the metronome
he continued this same method using the bell and buzzer

Question 15

what was done to eliminate extraneous variables

Answer 15

dog was isolated in a room and made sure it couldn’t hear footsteps, was secured in a harness and attached a test tube to a hole in the cheek of the dogs to measure/collect saliva

Question 16

what were the results

Answer 16

when using the metronome, salivation started after 9 seconds and by 45 seconds 11 drops of saliva had been collected
the dog would only salivate when the NS/CS was presented before the food not after
the dog had to be alert and not distracted for salivation to occur

Question 17

evaluate the generalisability

Answer 17

research was conducted using dogs
human behaviour is more complex due to cognitive and emotional factors
results cant be fully extrapolated

Question 18

evaluate the reliability

Answer 18

procedures were tightly controlled and can easily be replicated (isolating dogs and precise timings for presenting stimuli)
standardised methods ensure associations can be consistently reproduced making findings more credible and reliable
high reliability

Question 19

evaluate the validity

Answer 19

highly scientific as objective measures like measuring saliva with instruments and controlled extraneous variables
reduces risk of confounding variables ensuring results accurately reflect process of classical conditioning
high internal validity

Question 20

evaluate the ethics

Answer 20

dogs were isolated, restrained and exposed to repeated procedures, can cause stress
ethical guidelines were less developed, modern standards would question treatment of dogs, limiting ethical acceptability
raised ethical concerns